tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71552347448510187962024-03-05T23:02:42.322-06:00Historical MelungeonsHistorical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.comBlogger416125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-25749410563895132572018-09-05T18:10:00.001-05:002018-09-05T18:13:19.819-05:00 Archives building dedicated in honor of Jack Goins<div class="share-container content-above" data-subscription-required-remove="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 20px;">
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"> Archives building dedicated in honor of Jack Goins</span></span></h1>
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ROGERSVILLE — A plaque officially naming the Hawkins Co. Archives Building on East McKinney Avenue for County Archivist Jack H. Goins was unveiled by outgoing County Mayor Melville Bailey on Friday morning, Aug. 31.</div>
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Prior to the unveiling, Mayor Bailey spoke briefly, noting that the County Commission had passed a resolution honoring Goins and the other volunteers who worked to clean, index and microfilm historic local governmental records here.</div>
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Bailey said the records were preserved, indexed and microfilmed at “very little to no cost” thanks to the efforts of Goins and his band of volunteers.</div>
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Alana Roberts, the county’s building manager and special projects coordinator, said she appreciated everyone who had come to the ceremony.</div>
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“When he (Goins) put this group (of volunteers) together, he really did a service for Hawkins County,” Roberts said. “It’s an important part of Hawkins County government that doesn’t get recognized a lot. We do appreciate it and are grateful for all of you. We just want to dedicate this building in honor of Jack.”</div>
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-49402220490083341412018-09-03T14:25:00.000-05:002018-09-03T14:25:20.067-05:00Hawkins County Archive to be named for its founder, Jack Goins<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span class="storytag" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666660; font-family: roboto_condensedregular; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; text-transform: uppercase;"><a href="http://www.timesnews.net/tags/hawkins-county-archives" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666660; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">HAWKINS COUNTY ARCHIVES</a> </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: roboto_condensedbold; font-size: 2.4rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">
Hawkins County Archive to be named for its founder, Jack Goins</h1>
<span class="datestamp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999990; font-family: roboto_condensedregular; font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: 1; text-transform: uppercase;"><a href="http://www.timesnews.net/authors?user=jeff%20bobo" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2ba6cb; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">JEFF BOBO</a> • APR 15, 2018 AT 6:00 PM</span><div class="reporterdetailsstory" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: roboto_condensedregular, Lato, "open sans"; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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ROGERSVILLE — A man who spent the past 12 years preserving Hawkins County history will soon have his name preserved on the Rogersville building where people from across the country come to trace their family roots.</div>
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Jack Goins founded the Hawkins County Archive in 2006 after the Hawkins County Commission decided to relocate all the paper records dating back to the 1700s that had been stored in the courthouse basement.</div>
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On Monday, the Hawkins County Commission’s Buildings Committee voted unanimously in favor of renaming the building located at 951 E. McKinney Ave. across from Rogersville Middle School “the Jack Goins Archive.”</div>
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Cont. here: <a href="http://www.timesnews.net/Our-History/2018/04/15/Hawkins-archive-to-be-named-for-its-founder-Jack-Goins">http://www.timesnews.net/Our-History/2018/04/15/Hawkins-archive-to-be-named-for-its-founder-Jack-Goins</a></div>
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@ History Chaser</div>
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-37558893327011498352018-01-27T21:55:00.002-06:002018-01-27T21:56:35.182-06:00Thomas Collins Sr. born 1710 and his descendants<b><i>This post was first published on this blog on </i></b><br />
<i>SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 2012</i><br />
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<b>Thomas Collins Sr. born 1710 and his descendants:</b><br />
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<b><i>by Jack Goins</i></b><br />
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According to documented family research old Thomas Collins Sr. born before 1710 was the father and or grandfather of the historical Tennessee Melungeon Collins. At least one of Thomas Collins parents (unknown) was probably full blood Saponi Indian. <br />
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Collins family history handed down from father to son was; "The Collins were living in Virginia as Indians before they migrated to North Carolina, and they stole the name Collins from white settlers" ( Will Allen Dromgoole's 1890 interview with Calloway Collins, (Melungeons And Other Pioneer Families.)
Other Collins men who were associated with Thomas Collins Sr. in New Kent, later Louisa County, Va. were probably his brothers. They were Samuel Collins, John Collins and William Collins.<br />
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25 Jan 1745 Louisa County, Virginia Court: William Hall, Samuel Collins, William Collins, Samuel Bunch, George Gibson, Benjamin Brannum, Thomas Gibson, & William Donothan appear to answer an indictment for concealing tithables. Plead not guilty, Case continued. (Louisa County, Va., Tithables and Census)<br />
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Although this John Collins may, or may not be a brother to Thomas the court record below establishes that some Collins were Saponia Indians. "Alexander Machartoon, John Bowling, Manincassa, Capt Tom, Isaac, Harry, blind tom, Foolish Jack, Charles Griffin, John Collins, Little Jack, Indians being bought before the court for stealing Hogs. , Ordered that their Guns be taken away from them till they are ready to depart of this county, they having declared their intentions to depart this colony within a week.".11 On pages 309-312 of Orange County Court Record book the above named men individually put up security.11<br />
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This party of Saponia ( Monasukapanough) Indians left that county and some of these may have been the same group that formed the settlement near Hillsborough, North Carolina in 1750. Which was the same neck of the woods where old Thomas Collins migrated, as we follow him through land transactions.(Ref in Melungeons And other pioneer Families).<br />
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Old Thomas Collins land joined other families who were later to become known as the Melungeons of Newman Ridge, located in present day Hancock County, Tennessee.
1743 Saint Fredrick's Parish Register (Published) Procession Gilbert Gibson, Thomas Gibson and 200 acres for Thomas Collings. (Louisa County, Virginia)<br />
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The following source Melungeon families lived in the same area of Virginia around 1730. John Bunch, Gilbert Gibson, Thomas Gibson and Thomas Collins. They begin selling their land in Louisa County. VA in 1747 and migrated to the Flatt River area of then Granville County, North Carolina this area became Orange County in 1753. 1747 Thomas Collins sells 184 acres of land on the south side of the Pamunkey River on Turkey Run Creek to John Dowell for 25 Ibs. (Louisa County, Va. ref..in Melungeons and Other Pioneer Families)
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1748 Gilbert Gibson's Will was probated in Louisa County, Va. Names of sons Gideon, Jordan and George Gibson. (Melungeons And Other pioneer Families) 1749 Thomas Gibson (alias Wilburn) and wife Mary sell land to Thomas Moreman on the South side of the Pamunkey River adjoining Gilbert Gibson's land. Signed by his mark Thomas Gibson "T".(Melungeon and Other Pioneer families) Thomas Gibson mark was a 'T' and George Gibson mark was "G" They used these marks when they eventually sold land in Orange county, NC.<br />
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The 1750 tax list of Granville County, NC list the following: William Bowling 1 tithe, James Bowlin 1 tithe, Gideon Bunch 2 tithes (Micajer and William), Thomas Collins Sr. 1 tithe, Samuel Collins 1 tithe, John Collins 1 tithe, Thomas Gibson with tithes Charles and George Gibson.
Thomas Collins Sr. b 1710 , probable children were; Thomas Jr. b 1728, Joseph b 1730, Samuel b 1732, John b 1734, George b 1736, Elisha b 1738. They settled on the Flatt River as the following records reveal.
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"Land Grants from the Earl of Granville to the earliest settlers, The Granville Dist. Of N.C. 1748-1763 Vols 2 & 4 by Hofman." 29 Oct 1751 -Grant to William Churton, 640 acres on the south side of Flatt River joining John Collins on the Rocky Branch. Grant is for warrant issued to Thomas Gibson (#3775) 1752. 250 acres to Thomas Gibson on the Flatt River. 28 Oct 1752 640 acres to Joseph Collins on the South West side of the Flatt River Witness- Thomas Collins and James Lilkemper.
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Orange County was formed from Granville in 1753 the Flatt River area was in the new county. A 1755 Tax list of Orange County, NC. ( ref. Melungeon and Other Pioneer Families) If a family had at least 1/16 Indian or black they were sometimes listed mulatto. Gedion Bunch 1 tithe(mulatto) Micajer Bunch 1 tithe (mulatto) Thomas Collins 3 tithes (mulatto) Samuel Collins 2 tithes (mulatto) John Collins 1 tithe (mulatto) Moses Ridley (Riddle) 1 tithe & wife Mary (mulattoes) Thomas Gibson 3 tithes (mulatto) Charles Gibson 1 tithe (mulatto) George Gibson 1 tithe (mulatto) Mager Gibson 1 tithe (mulatto)
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Land Grants in Orange County, NC. 1756- To William Combs on Flatt River joins Thomas Gibson, Joseph Collins & John Wade. Chainbearers: Thomas Gibson Jr. and Moses Ridley.
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1761-700 acres to Thomas Collins on Dials Creek of the Flatt River. Chainbearers: George Collins and Paul Collins (mulattoes)
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Some of these old pioneers may not have known all the rules and did not obtain a deed, notice who lost their improvements in this deed. John Brown-Warrants 26 Dec 1760, 700 acres on the Flatt River, includes Bolins, Riddles and Collins Improvements. Surveyed 13 April 1761, deed 14 Oct 1761.<br />
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Wherever these people who's children became known as Melungeons migrated, they always left a few behind. Although those left behind were never labeled Melungeon they were "kin to the people who later became known as the Melungeons of Newman Ridge". A few stayed on the Flatt River, some migrated to the territory that became South Carolina, some to Pittsylvania County, Virginia. A Collins family along with Moses Riddle and some of the Bolen's moved to Pittyslvania County, Virginia before 1767 and had land entries on the Sandy River. The 1767 Tax list of John Wilson, Pittsylvania County, Va. records: Moses Ridle (an Indian), William Ridle, Peter Perkins List records; Christopher Bowlin, and son William, Christopher Bowlin Jr. James Bowlin, Joseph Bowlin.<br />
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Caswell County was formed from the northern part of Orange County, North Carolina in 1777 it included part of the Flatt River and part of that river remained in Orange County. 1777 tax list. Paul Collins 1 tithe, Martin Collins 1 tithe, Middleston Collins 1 tithe, Obadiah Collins 1 tithe, John collins 1 tithe.<br />
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Thomas Collins Sr. may have died in Orange County around 1770 but, most of his children migrated to the New River area of Virginia and North Carolina. The Collins and Gibsons began selling their land on the Flatt River in 1767-70 and moved to the back woods sections of the New River where some were listed on tax records in Fincastle County, Va., as "living on Indian Lands"
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The deed records of Thomas Gibson land sale in Orange County, establishes him as the same Thomas who sold his land on the Pamunkey River in Louisa County in 1749 when he made his mark "T".<br />
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1770-Thomas Gibson to James Williams. Land on the Flatt River. Signed Thomas Gibson (his "T"mark), (Orange Co., N.C.. Deed Book 3, page 468.)
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Thomas Gibson made a land entry on 9 June 1780 on Cranberry Path in Wilkes Co., N.C. This land was near the South Fork of New River in present day Ashe Co., N.C., entry # 1858.(Wilkes County, North Carolina, Land Entry Book 1778-1781) Thomas Gibson's family migrated to Fort Blackmore before 1800. And Joined the Stony Creek Baptist Church beginning in 1801. Most of this family moved to Newman Ridge in Hawkins County, Tn.,beginning in 1804 and most were gone by 1808. The Church Minutes records them coming back for meetings and some were brought before the church for drinking and fighting, such as Charles Gibson. The first written record of the word Melungin is recorded in the 1813 Minutes of Stoney Creek Church.
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"Then came forward sister Kitchens and complained to the church against Susanna Stallard for saying she harbored them Melungins"
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According to the Stony Creek Church Minutes most of the Melungeons had left by 1813 and joined Blackwater and Mulberry Churches in Hawkins County, Tn. The minutes also records a few Gibson's coming back and causing a disturbance by drinking and fighting. The Stony Creek Church again removed Gibson and wrote that the Mulberry church had also dismissed him, and they had been notified. It is most likely that one of these ladies was accusing the other of an affair with a Melungin and the church clerks choose these words to record this motion. Melungeons staying with other church members would not have been considered a sin; it would be the appearance of a given situation. She may have been letting some Melungeons from the Blackwater or Mulberry Church room at her home on Friday before the meeting, or on Saturday night. Church meetings were during the day and usually once a month on the 1st Saturday. The Melungeons were recorded white on tax records of lower Russell County and later Scott County, Virginia, when they were living in the Stony Creek area.(Melungeon and Other pioneer families)
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1802 Tax List for the Lower District of Russell County, VA that became Scott County in 1815 and number of males 16 or over Collins, Valentine 1- Charles Gibson, 1- David Gibson 1- James Gibson 2- James Gibson 0 - Martin Gibson 1- Molly Gibson 2- Ruben Gibson 1- Samuel Gibson 1-Sharud Gibson 1- Thomas Gibson 1-William Gibson 1-Willis Gibson 1-Benjamin Bolin 1- William Bolin 1. Jesse Bolin became pastor of Stony Creek in 1802.
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Charles Gibson son of Thomas and Mary filed a Revolutionary War Pension Application (R3995 Applied in Hawkins County, Tennessee 19 Jan 1839. He gave his age as 92 but, was 100 years old if 16 when he was listed as a tithe of Thomas on a Granville County, NC tax list. He gave his place of birth as Louisa County, Virginia, entered the service near Salisbury, North Carolina. Benjamin Collins, Jonothan Gibson, and Jordan Gibson swear that he is reputed to be a Revolutionary Soldier in their neighborhood..
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The Thomas Collins children settled in what is today Grayson County, Va., and Ashe County, NC. George Collins testified in a land dispute in Grayson County, Virginia in 1808 that he settled on the land in 1767.
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Their arrival on the New River is documented by a Botetourt County, Virginia tax list. (Kegleys Early adventures on Western Waters) Number of males over 16. Charles Collins 1, John Collins 4, Samuel Collins 2, Charles Sexton 1, Mckegar Bunch 1, William Sexton 1.
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Fincastle County was formed from Botetourt in 1772, 1773 tax list includes: David Collins (Indian Lands), Ambrose Collins, John Collins, John Collins Jr., Charles Collins (Indian Land), Elisha Collins, Samuel Collins (Indian Land), Lewis Collins, George Collins (Indian Land), Micajer Bunch (Indian Land)
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A 1778 tax list of the area of Wilkes County that became Ashe in 1778; Ambrose Collins, Charles Collins, Samuel Collins, David Gibson, Micajer Bunch, David Collins, George Collins, Julius Bunch. You may note some of these same people were on the Ficastle list, The reason for this is they may have been next door neighbors because they were in the area that became Ashe North Carolina and Grayson County, Virginia in 1790.
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Montgomery County was formed from Fincastle in 1777.. 1782 tax list includes; Martin Collins 1, John Collins Sr. 1, John Collins Jr. 1, Lewis Collins 1, Milton Collins 1, Ambrose Collins 1, David Collins 1, David Gibson 1. The 1782 list of Wilkes County is the same as the 1778 list except for Thomas Gibson.
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Lewis Collins above was the son of John Collins Sr. He Applied for a Rev. War Pension in Hawkins County, Tennessee while living in Granger County, Tn. on 16 Aug 1834 # (S2142). "First entered the service in 1778 while living on the Broad River in South Carolina. Moved back to the new River in Montgomery County, Virginia where his Father lived and enlisted there in 1780. Lewis did not tell the whole story, he was actually a Tory in 1780 and probably in William Riddle's gang. According to the affidavit below he escaped, but his name is included with the group of Tories who raided Capt. John Cox home on the new River, some of these took the Oath of Allegiance to escape punishment. This affidavit by Joseph Collins was included in Selethiah Martin wife's application "Was a small boy in 1780 when Captain Martin came to the New River in Virginia and captured a group of Tories camped at a Rock House on the river, two of those captured escaped the next night: David Gibson and Lewis Collins, I am intimately acquainted with both men and have heard them tell how they made their escape. John Speltz in his Revolutionary Pension Application told this almost identical event. He said there were nine captured and two Nichols and Riddle were hung on our return. William Riddle and his brother in-law William Nichols were both hung but not together, so this man Speltz was telling about an event that happened after these nine were captured, thus the hanging of Nichols and Riddle.
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The majority of the Melungeon source families began to migrate to Hawkins County, Tennessee in the 1790's, Vardy Collins was still in Ashe County, North Carolina as the 1800 census reveals. Thus the colony on Newman Ridge was established around 1800, the first recorded Melungeon settlers in the area were on the Lee County, Virginia Tax list 1795,97, they were Micajer Bunch, Isreal Bunch, Solomon Bunch, Claiborn Bunch, Jessee Bowlin and Zachariah Goins. The first Collins on the tax record 1798 was Daniel Collins with 4 titables.By 1801 a host of Collins, plus James Mullins. In this time frame, most settlers on the North Side of the Clinch River were listed in Lee County, Va., This was before the dividing line between Virginia and Tennessee was fully established. . Vardeman "Vardy" Collins one of the more famous Melungeons, according to tax records was perhaps the son of Samuel, who was the son of Thomas Collins Sr. According to a n outstanding research in the Vardeman family, Vardy Collins mother was the daughter of John Vardeman, Vardiman.. John Vardeman and Samuel Collins are both recorded on the 1771 Bontetourt County, VA tax list (William Herberts list)<br />
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Who were the Melungeons? Their fore parents were part of the original pioneer settlers. Living on Indian lands, this is as pioneer as it gets. Some where in the battle at Point Pleasant including Thomas Collin's son John Collins who served 35 days. Their rifles were heard at Kings Mountain and in Yorktown, at the surrender of Cornwallis. Some made the 52 + year journey from the Pamunkey River in Virginia to Newman Ridge, such as Charles Gibson. Charles lived to be at least 110 years old. He was probably present when they first heard the word, "Melungin".<br />
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Sneedville attorney Lewis M. Jarvis (born 1829) knew many of the first Melungeons including Vardy Collins. In an interview with Hancock County Times in 1902. Jarvis named James Collins, John Bolin and Mike Bolin as quite full-blooded Indians. Jarvis said the Melungeons were originally the friendly Indians who came with the whites as they moved west. They came from the Cumberland County and New River in VA, stopping at various points west of the Blue Ridge. Some of them stopped on Stony Creek, Scott Co, Virginia (Ref in Melungeons and Other Pioneer Families. from 1994 Hancock Co.,Tn..And It's People Volume 2) What makes Lewis Jarvis testimony of more value than most, is because his migration pattern for the Melungeons can be and has been proven correct in Church, Land, Tax and Military Records.
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Compiled by Jack Goins Rogersville, Tennessee...jgoins@usit.net
Copyright Historical MelungeonsHistorical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-57208551099879878832017-11-01T13:31:00.000-05:002017-11-01T13:42:53.907-05:00None of these diseases<strong style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: "><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; font-style: italic;">by Janet Crain</span></span></span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong><span style="color: "><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"><br /><span style="background-color: white;"><i>On the Internet you are likely to encounter sites suggesting that Melungeon people or their descendants are prone to several serious diseases. These claims should be taken with a large grain of salt. There is no proof of this theory other than anecdotal recounting of personal experiences. In other words, NO PROOF!!!!</i></span></span></span></strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255 , 0 , 0);"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: rgb(51 , 51 , 255);"><span style="color: rgb(51 , 204 , 0); font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">This has led to a completely false characterizations of Melungeons as sickly and frail in fiction and even in <a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2009/07/this-book-is-worthless-for-melungeon.html">non-fiction books</a>.</span></strong><br />
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">On the contrary these people lived the harsh life of pioneers and still lived to advanced ages. There is no proof that Melungeons even have Mediterranean ancestry, so it seems foolish to include them as subject to acquiring any of these <span style="font-style: italic;">Mediterranean diseases</span>. Could a person of Melungeon descent acquire one of these diseases? Of course, but it would not have anything to do with their Melungeon ancestry.</span></strong><br />
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small;">One contributing factor to this theory is the <a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2009/06/melungeon-myth-of-drake-dropping-off.html">myth of Drake's Turks</a> which has now been exposed as a vast exaggeration. No large group has been proven to have been dropped off on Roanoke or anywhere else on the Eastern Seaboard. Conditions existing there at the time render the survival chances of any such people nil.</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: rgb(255 , 0 , 0);"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"><strong style="background-color: white;">NONE OF THESE DISEASES ARE MELUNGEON:</strong></span></span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: rgb(255 , 0 , 0);"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"><strong style="background-color: white;">Behçet's SYNDROME </strong></span></span></span></li>
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<li><span style="color: rgb(255 , 0 , 0); font-size: x-small;"><strong style="background-color: white;">FAMILIAL MEDITERRANEAN FEVER </strong></span></li>
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<li><span style="color: rgb(255 , 0 , 0); font-size: x-small;"><strong style="background-color: white;">SARCOIDOSIS</strong></span></li>
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<li><span style="color: rgb(255 , 0 , 0); font-size: x-small;"><strong style="background-color: white;">THALASSEMIA</strong></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: rgb(0 , 153 , 0); font-size: x-small;"> Machado-Joseph Disease has been removed from the list.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: rgb(255 , 0 , 0); font-size: x-small;"><strong style="background-color: white;"><br /><br />The Melungeon Historical Society, MHS does not endorse the theory of Melungeon people being any more prone to any diseases than the general populations.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Disclaimer:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">This article is not intended to provide medical advice or diagnosis. Consult</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">a medical health professional if you think you might be suffering from a</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">medical condition.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: white;">© History Chasers <a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">Click here to view all recent Historical Melungeons Blog posts</a></span></span><br />
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-55998221814138163962017-09-08T22:49:00.002-05:002017-09-08T22:49:43.609-05:00Genetic Tests Come to Your Mailbox<div class="aarpe-image img-responsive full-width" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: ff-dagny-web-pro, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 1140px;">
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DIY health tests are FDA approved, but is it better not to know?</h2>
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<span class="byline" style="box-sizing: border-box;">by Michele Shapiro, <a href="http://www.aarp.org/bulletin/" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none;">AARP Bulletin</a>, September 2017</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMicmMIQAvsW5V8EqILEFq7Hfxurfuy2uT8Zsfl3q-Ii62nc_kQ6xbidDDGfjnNqIJtCiLYPH6e2DQw5W-tCces5jopjHzeHOcY0ubdruH8RlXIUxKyGLtZHyBE3znyec4zzD8-OvQc7E/s1600/medical-test-mail-aarp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="1140" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMicmMIQAvsW5V8EqILEFq7Hfxurfuy2uT8Zsfl3q-Ii62nc_kQ6xbidDDGfjnNqIJtCiLYPH6e2DQw5W-tCces5jopjHzeHOcY0ubdruH8RlXIUxKyGLtZHyBE3znyec4zzD8-OvQc7E/s640/medical-test-mail-aarp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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NICK FERRARI</div>
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Knowing genetic predisposition allows people to make key changes in diet, exercise and medical care. But it is important to remember that showing risk potential for a disease doesn’t mean you will develop it.</div>
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Are you at risk of developing <a href="http://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2017/microsoft-watch-parkinsons-treatments-fd.html" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ef3829; text-decoration-line: none;">Parkinson’s disease</a>? Or late-onset <a href="http://www.aarp.org/health/brain-health/info-2017/foods-decrease-alzheimers-risk-fd.html" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ef3829; text-decoration-line: none;">Alzheimer’s</a>? For about $200 and a vial full of saliva, you can find out via a mail-in testing kit.</div>
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After a new ruling from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), consumers can bypass doctors for the first time to learn if they have a <a href="http://www.aarp.org/health/healthy-living/info-2016/family-genetics-depression-dna.html" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ef3829; text-decoration-line: none;">genetic risk</a> for 10 diseases.</div>
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Continued here:</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_322672297"><br /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333;"><a href="http://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2017/genetic-tests-by-mail.html">http://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2017/genetic-tests-by-mail.html</a></span><br />
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© History Chasers <a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">Click here to view all recent Historical Melungeons Blog posts</a>Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-41269573060950143472017-09-05T21:33:00.001-05:002017-09-05T21:33:27.293-05:00Surviving Indian Groups of the Eastern United States 1948<br />
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Many thanks to Don Collins for this booklet.<br />
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© History Chasers <a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">Click here to view all recent Historical Melungeons Blog posts</a><br />
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-73527565799815539662017-08-04T12:43:00.001-05:002017-08-04T12:43:23.179-05:00Why Do So Many Americans Think They Have Cherokee Blood?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<figcaption class="caption" style="background-color: #281b21; color: white; font-family: sl-Apres, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; padding: 5px 18px;">Dennis Wolfe, a Cherokee indian in Cherokee, North Carolina, 1980.</figcaption><br />
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Photo courtesy Carol M. Highsmith/<a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2011632080/" style="color: #660033;" target="_blank">Library of Congress</a><br />
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<h2 class="dek" style="font-family: sl-Apres, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1em; margin: 20px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 440px;">
The history of a myth </h2>
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By <a href="http://www.slate.com/authors.gregory_d_smithers.html" rel="author" style="color: #660033; text-decoration-line: none;">Gregory D. Smithers</a></div>
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“I cannot say when I first heard of my Indian blood, but as a boy I heard it spoken of in a general way,” Charles Phelps, a resident of Winston-Salem in North Carolina, told a federal census taker near the beginning of the 20<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</span> century. Like many Americans at the time, Phelps had a vague understanding of his Native American ancestry. On one point, however, his memory seemed curiously specific: His Indian identity was a product of his “Cherokee blood.”</div>
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The tradition of claiming a Cherokee ancestor continues into the present. Today, more Americans claim descent from at least one Cherokee ancestor than any other Native American group. Across the United States, Americans tell and retell stories of long-lost Cherokee ancestors. These tales of family genealogies become murkier with each passing generation, but like Phelps, contemporary Americans profess their belief despite not being able to point directly to a Cherokee in their family tree.</div>
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<b>Cont. here:</b></div>
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<b><a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2015/10/cherokee_blood_why_do_so_many_americans_believe_they_have_cherokee_ancestry.html">http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2015/10/cherokee_blood_why_do_so_many_americans_believe_they_have_cherokee_ancestry.html</a></b><br />
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</b>Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-63557566241708855182017-06-01T18:57:00.000-05:002017-06-01T18:57:10.157-05:00Melungeon was one of the 24 Clans studied by Edward T. Price in 1950-53.By Jack Goins<br />
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Melungeon was one of the Clans studied by Edward T. Price in 1950-53.
Geographic Analysis of White-Negro-Indian Racial Mixtures in Eastern United States.<br />
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Edward T. Price, Los Angles State College<br />
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1-The Melungeons -Centering in Hancock County, TN, reached Newman Ridge and Blackwater Valley in then Hawkins County, now Hancock County in the 1790’s 2-Redbones- Louisiana 3-Cajans-Alabama, Mississippi 4-Cereoles- Mississippi 5-Dominickers-Georgia 6-Brass Ankles- South Carolina 7- Croatans-North Carolina and South Carolina 8- Cubans -North Carolina 9-Browns Branch, Kentucky 10-Cubans, 11- Magoffin - Kentucky 12-Issues, Amherst County, Virginia 13- Irish Creek -Virginia 14- Carmel Indians-Ohio 15-Wesorts, Maryland 16-Darke Country, West Virginia 17-Guineas-West Virginia 18- Nanticokes, Maryland 19-Moors and Nanticokes, Maryland 20- Keating Mountain-Pennsylvania, 21-Pools, Pennsylvania 22- Jackson Whites, New York and New Jersey 23- Bushwhackers-New York 24-Slaughters- New York.<br />
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Dr Virginia DeMarce in her review wrote "Melungeons thus becomes a catchall description for dark skinned individuals” The manner in which individuals are deduced to be Melungeon is troubling. By surmising a connection when it cannot be shown." and then she went on to write in the review that this belief is contrary to the historical facts: "Tennessee Melungeons And Related Groups”- Dr. Virginia Easley DeMarce Historian Branch of Acknowledgement and Research, Burea Of Indian Affairs Washington DC.<br />
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" What is a social isolate? She writes; "The great majority of people in the United States who carry a mixed European, African and Native American genealogical heritage are not members of social Isolate groups." Continuing: DeMarce then uses professional geographer Edward T. Price description of a Social Isolate, ( survey complied in 1950.) (1)"The people must be racial mixtures of white and non-white groups, Indian and /or negro peoples presumably providing the latter blood in the absence of evidence to the contrary.(2) they must have a social status differing from the whites, Indians or Negroes in the area in such a way as to throw them generally together in their more personal social relationships;(3) they must exist in such numbers and concentration as to be recognized in their locality as such a group and usually to be identified by a distinguishing group name. "<br />
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"Price emphasis on the existence of a group is fundamental to studying the genealogy of social isolate groups, as groups. In spite of the on going myth that one drop of African ancestry classified an individual or family as black, the historical fact is that this principle was nowhere a matter of law in the United States prior to the early 20th century, whereas in most jurisdictions prior to the Civil War, free persons with less than 1/8 or 1/16 African Ancestry were, for legal purposes, classified as white."
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" Fact. The actual, factual history of social isolate settlements are going to be written by genealogist and family historians: document by individual document, fact by painstaking fact. The function and duty of the individual historian and the genealogist is to demystify and to demythologize." "When we know the origins of each individual Melungeon family, we will know the origins of the Melungeons. When we know the orgins of each family in 'other' social isolates, we will begin to understand their genesis and development." (End Dr Virginia DeMarce)<br />
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The oldest written record of this term is recorded in the Stony Creek Church Minutes Sept 26, 1813 Church Sat in love, Brother Kilgore Moderator.Then came forward Sister Kitchen and complained to the church against Susanna Stallard for saying she harbored them Melungins. Sister Sook said she was hurt with her for believing her child and not believing her, and she want talk to her to get satisfaction, and both is “pigedish”, one against the other. Sister Sook lays it down and the church forgives her. Then came forward Cox and relates to the church, that he went to the association and took the letter and they received the letter in fellowship. Dismissed. (This is recorded 26 September 1813, minutes of Stony Creek Church. Also note the previous and preceding minutes to Sept 1813 all exist in full, which is June, July, August October, November and December. )<br />
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These Stony Creek minutes suggest by 1813 the Blackwater group was called Melungeon, but in 1804 they may not have been known as Melungeons.<br />
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July 28, 1804 Church meeting held at Stony Creek, the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper be administered at our meeting to be held in September and every three months from the time to come. Bro. Charles Gibson is restored to his seat. Br. James Kitchens and Br. John Richmond appointed to cite Br. Thomas Alley to appear before this church next meeting . Ruben Gibson laid under censure till next meeting and that his mother cite him to appear. Thomas Gibson restored by a recantation.<br />
Dismissed in order.<br />
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“Sept 25, 1804 Ruben Gibson excluded from membership of this church, he lives down at Blackwater, and has our letter of (dismission) and keeps it, and has joined another church”<br />
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There is a tradition that John Sevier encountered the Melungeons, some thought this happened when he was trying to establish the state of Franklin, but they were not in this area at this time. The date of this encounter was in 1802 when Sevier surveyed land boundaries for Hawkins County, Tennessee. 138 Excerpts from John Sevier’s diary suggest he may have later in life, made this reference after meeting these dark skin people and spending the night with one of them on the following 1802 survey.. Looney’s Gap was the main road from Rogersville, Tennessee, across Clinch Mountain and on to the Grainger County Line which was probably the route Sevier took to cross Newman Ridge and Powell Mountain to Mulberry Creek, which would be on the east side of Sneedville and west end of Vardy. The location of the old road from Sneedville to Blackwater Creek was a gap in the ridge and this gap can be seen today, at the foothill of said gap was Vardy Springs. Vardy Collins boarding house would eventually be located near the spring. They stayed near this location at the home of a man named Gibson and then went across Powell Mountain to Mulberry Gap, probably near the location of the present road. Then notice the route taken on Sat. 27, 1802. Daniel Flanery was the owner of the area marked on today’s map as Flannery’s Ford on the Powell River. This area in Mulberry Gap, extending to and including land on the North side of Powell River, land was in Hawkins and adjoining Grainger County, Tennessee. Flannery’s Ford on Powell River can be located today on a map. It’s north of Mulberry Creek on the Powell River and west of Jonesville in Lee County, Virginia. Additions and corrections are in parenthesis by this author.<br />
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<br />“Mon. Nov. 1802 Mr. Fish went on to Hawkins C. H. Self and Genl. Rutledge crossed Clinch Mountain at Looneys Gap traveled down lower creek to Abs. Loone ys (* Absolem Looney) came up with the surveyors at Daws (*Doswell) Rogers plantation. The line crossing at Waddels ford on Clinch River near mouth of Shelby’’s Creek one mile above - lay there all night. Mr. Fish retd. brought with him $50 Recd from Nelson sheriff of Hawkins out of which I received 18 dollars. Wed. 24 lay here this day & night Genl. Martin & Majr. Taylor arrived. Thursday 25 Rained Lay at Roberts Fry. 26 Clear day. We all sit out from Robert's crossed Newman Ridge & lodged all night on black water creek at Gibsons .Mssrs? Fish and Taylor left us. Sat. 27 We stayed Crossed Powell mountain and lodged at Sanders mill 7 miles...Left the surveyors coming on from Blackwater. On our route today passed Daniel Flanarys on No.(North) side of Mulbery Gap. Mulberry Creek flows into Powel River between Powell Mountain and Waldens Ridge. Sun. 28 We measured the Cross line and found our course on quarter too far to the South- Lodged at same place.” 139 (MELUNGEONS- Footprints From The Past. Pages 69-70.)<br />
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An unknown journalist in Little Living age came to this same area on Blackwater in the 1840’s and forever sealed the existence of this Melungeon clan, including their mixture and firm location. “You must know that within ten miles of this owl's nest, there is a watering-place, and Mineral Springs in Vardy, Hancock County, Tennessee known hereabouts as 'black-water springs.' It is situated in a narrow gorge, scarcely half a mile wide, between Powell's Mountain and the Copper Ridge, and is, as you may suppose, almost inaccessible. Now this gorge and the tops and sides of the adjoining mountains are inhabited by a singular species of the human animal called MELUNGENS. We stopped at 'Old Vardy's, the hostelries of the vicinage. Old Vardy is the 'chief cook and bottle-washer' of the Melungens, and is really a very clever fellow: but his hotel savors strongly of that peculiar perfume that one may find in the sleeping-rooms of our Negro servants, especially on a close, warm, summer evening. We arrived at Vardy's in time for supper, and thus despatched, we went to the spring, where were assembled several rude log huts, and a small sprinkling of 'the natives, together with a fiddle and other preparations for a dance. The dance was engaged in with right hearty good will.The legend of their history, which they carefully preserve, is this. A great many years ago, these mountains were settled by a society of Portuguese Adventurers, men and women--who came from the long-shore parts of Virginia, that they might be freed from the restraints and drawbacks imposed on them by any form of government. These intermixed with the Indians, and subsequently their descendants after the advances of the whites into this part of the state with the negros and the whites, thus forming the present race of Melungens.”<br />
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178
“There seems to be no reason for this writer to have invented this detail, “The Melungeons carefully preserved the “Legend of their history.” This “Legend” according to the writer, included an original descent from Portuguese adventures and later intermarriages with Indians, Negroes, and whites.”<br />
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179
The visit to Vardy Valley in 1848 was revisited about 50 years later on Friday July 2, 1897. C.H. Humble returned to the same place as the writer in Littell’s Living age. This visit may have been to a mission house, because a New Presbyterian Church was completed in 1899.<br />
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“On Friday forenoon, July 2, (1897) the writer and Rev. Joseph Hamilton, of Parkersburg, West Virginia, started in a hack from Cumberland Gap, Tennessee for Beatty Collins, chief of the Melungeons, in Blackwater.” (MELUNGEONS Footprints From the Past pages 83-84)<br />
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211-Littell's Living Age, March, 1849 The Melungens, This was reprinted from the Knoxville Register September 6, 1848, quoting from the Louisville Examiner. This issue of the Knoxville Register has not been located.
212- Saundra Keyes Ivey comments on the correspondent in Littell’s Living Age, Dissertation, Indiana University. )<br />
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This derogatory term was not spread to other localities by migration because the Melungeons did migrate to western Tn.,Ky. Indiana and other places but those descendants were never told about this clan name. It was spread by politicians and Journalist such as in Littell’s Living Age article which was printed in most major newspapers during the mid 1800’s, so many dark skin people where given this name, or some other clan name by their white neighbors.<br />
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Ramps- Was a large group Price did not include in his study, this group was a community primarily located between Fort Blackmore and Dungannon Virginia called Ramp Town and some of the dark complected people in some communities in Wise County, Virginia. The above clan names and settlements were known to the local people who lived in those areas. Lets go back to the 1950s those of us who lived in various communities around towns in this time frame remembers names of communities that are slowing being lost to history. Around Rogersville, Tennessee within a 10 mile radius as the crow flies we had Petersburg, Cave Ridge, Pinhook, Guntown, Ebbing Flowing Springs, McKinney, Gravel Town, Cuba, Straw, Persia, Rock Hill, Goulds Hill, Tarpine, Polecat, Kepler, Burem. Most of these communities had schools and churches. Driving across Clinch Mountain on Hwy 70 where I was born, at the foot of the mountain is War Creek. Then Edison, Pumpkin Valley, Copper Ridge. Crossing Clinch River was Kyles Ford, Flower Gap, Fishers Valley, Walnut Grove and Big Ridge. Coming back west is Indian Ridge, Blackwater, Panther Creek, Newman Ridge, Vardy, Snake Hollow, Mulberry Gap, which included the eastern section of what is Claiborne County today. People researching Melungeon history make a huge mistake if they accept some authors statements that Newman Ridge Blackwater Melungeon settlement was a small group, if you check them out, they have never researched this area which is the only recognized Melungeon community that can be sustained by history, people were later called Melungeon in other areas but this is where this clan name began.<br />
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Although Lewis Jarvis referred to the Melungeon as the friendly Indians, he also stated they were not a tribe of Indians. “They have been derisively dubbed with the name Melungeons by the local white people who have lived here with them, its not a traditional name, or tribe of Indians” (Attorney Lewis Jarvis letter in 1903 Sneedville Times. And published in the 1994 book, Hancock County and It’s People.)<br />
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Joseph Medicine Crow, the last war chief of Montana’s Crow tribe, died last year at the age of 102. A noted Native American historian, Medicine Crow was an indelible source of education and a heroic figure of the American west. Herman Viola, the curator emeritus at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of the American Indian,<span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9900; margin: 0px; max-height: 1e 06px; padding: 0px;"> <a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/joseph-medicine-crow-last-crow-tribe-war-chief-dies-at-102/" style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff9900; margin: 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">once said</a></span> “When you meet Joe Medicine Crow, you’re shaking hands with the 19th century.”
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Medicine Crow was the last surviving person to hear a first person account of the 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn. His grandmother’s brother, White Man Runs Him, was a scout for Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer.</div>
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Cont. here: <a href="http://www.wideopencountry.com/joseph-medicine-crow/?utm_source=Boomtrain&bt_alias=eyJ1c2VySWQiOiAiMjU2YjU4ZGUtOGFiYy00MDA5LWIxNmQtNzg4ODhhYWQ3NGMzIn0%3D&utm_campaign=20170403&utm_medium=manual">http://www.wideopencountry.com/joseph-medicine-crow/?utm_source=Boomtrain&bt_alias=eyJ1c2VySWQiOiAiMjU2YjU4ZGUtOGFiYy00MDA5LWIxNmQtNzg4ODhhYWQ3NGMzIn0%3D&utm_campaign=20170403&utm_medium=manual</a></div>
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-30736662104111945462017-03-18T16:11:00.001-05:002017-03-18T22:00:46.805-05:00White, Black, a Murky Distinction Grows Murkier<br />
The largest genetic study of people yet based on 160,000 persons.<br />
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-29201798117857751392016-02-10T10:26:00.000-06:002016-02-21T13:53:01.315-06:00America's First Immigrants?Recent scientific findings date their arrival earlier than ever thought, sparking hot debate among archaeologists <span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: white;">By <span class="author-name" itemprop="author" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Guy Gugliotta</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span class="pub-edition" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Smithsonian Magazine</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" style="box-sizing: border-box;">February 2013</time></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;">For much of its length, the slow-moving Aucilla River in northern Florida flows underground, tunneling through bedrock limestone. But here and there it surfaces, and preserved in those inky ponds lie secrets of the first Americans.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;">For years adventurous divers had hunted fossils and artifacts in the sinkholes of the Aucilla about an hour east of Tallahassee. They found stone arrowheads and the bones of extinct mammals such as mammoth, mastodon and the American ice age horse.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Then, in the 1980s, archaeologists from the Florida Museum of Natural History opened a formal excavation in one particular sink. Below a layer of undisturbed sediment they found nine stone flakes that a person must have chipped from a larger stone, most likely to make tools and projectile points. They also found a mastodon tusk, scarred by circular cut marks from a knife. The tusk was 14,500 years old.</span></div>
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The age was surprising, even shocking, for it suddenly made the Aucilla sinkhole one of the earliest places in the Americas to betray the presence of human beings. Curiously, though, scholars largely ignored the discoveries of the Aucilla River Prehistory Project, instead clinging to the conviction that America’s earliest settlers arrived more recently, some 13,500 years ago. But now the sinkhole is getting a fresh look, along with several other provocative archaeological sites that show evidence of an earlier human presence in the Americas, perhaps much earlier.</div>
<span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Read more: <a href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/#UsYmM5CeLkZhGvEZ.99">http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/#UsYmM5CeLkZhGvEZ.99</a></span><br />
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-48745947209292110572016-02-04T13:54:00.000-06:002016-02-04T13:54:21.427-06:00Secrets of a Multicultural Cuban Cemetery<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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"<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png#/media/File:Moll_-_A_Map_of_the_West-Indies.png">Moll - A Map of the West-Indies</a>". Licensed under Public Domain via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/">Commons</a>.<br />
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Chronicle SSm 6r', Georgia, Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Secrets of a Multicultural Cuban Cemetery</span> </h2>
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Such methods also will help illuminate how and where Native Americans were enslaved in the early centuries of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the New World. </div>
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In an early 16th-century cemetery in southeastern Cuba called El Chorro de Maita, archaeologists found 133 people in 108 burials. This is the only cemetery in Cuba known to include native Taino people, according to <a href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/roberto-valcarcel-rojas" sl-processed="1" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 204, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;">Roberto Valcarcel Rojas</a> at the Netherlands’ University of Leiden, <a href="https://www.academia.edu/3390061/El_Chorro_de_Maita_A_diverse_approach_to_a_context_of_diversity" sl-processed="1" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 204, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;">who has studied the remains</a> and artifacts. </div>
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Isotope analysis suggests that individuals came from West Africa and Mesoamerica, as well as from Cuba. The Mesoamericans may be from Mayan populations on the Yucatan peninsula, and their presence in Cuba points to a European-run slave trade that included today’s Mexico as well as Africa. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Chronicle SSm 3r, Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.054px; line-height: 28.8px;"><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160204-tracing-slave-dna-africa-mesoamerica/">http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160204-tracing-slave-dna-africa-mesoamerica/</a> (scroll down)</span></span></div>
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-43232769668383715872016-01-30T11:58:00.000-06:002016-01-30T11:59:56.760-06:00White, Black: A Murky Distinction Grows Murkier<br />
The largest genetic study of people yet based on 160,000 persons.<br />
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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/science/23andme-genetic-ethnicity-study.html?_r=0">http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/science/23andme-genetic-ethnicity-study.html?_r=0</a><br />
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-14909939429654550372016-01-30T11:24:00.000-06:002016-01-30T11:24:15.995-06:00The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States<h1 class="articleTitle" style="background-color: white; color: #973f2f; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; margin: 5px 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">
The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States<a href="http://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(14)00476-5#article-footnote-" id="back-article-footnote-" style="color: #1c96d3; text-decoration: none;"></a></h1>
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<a class="openAuthorLayer layerTrigger" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="openAuthor_au1" style="color: #1c96d3;">Katarzyna Bryc</a><a class="openAuthorLayer layerTrigger" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="openAuthor_au1" style="color: #1c96d3;"><img alt="correspondence" src="http://www.cell.com/templates/jsp/_style2/_marlin/images/article_notepad.gif" style="border: 0px; max-width: none;" /></a><a class="email" href="mailto:kbryc@23andme.com" style="color: #1c96d3; padding-left: 2px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;" title="Email the author"><img alt="email" src="http://www.cell.com/templates/jsp/_style2/_marlin/images/icon_email.png" style="border: 0px; max-height: 10px; max-width: none; vertical-align: top;" /></a></div>
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<a class="openAuthorLayer layerTrigger" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="openAuthor_au2" style="color: #1c96d3;">Eric Y. Durand</a></div>
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<a class="openAuthorLayer layerTrigger" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="openAuthor_au3" style="color: #1c96d3;">J. Michael Macpherson</a></div>
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<a class="openAuthorLayer layerTrigger" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="openAuthor_au4" style="color: #1c96d3;">David Reich</a></div>
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<span class="label">Figure 1</span></h4>
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The Distribution of Ancestry of Self-Reported African Americans across the US</div>
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(A) Differences in levels of African ancestry in African Americans (blue).</div>
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(B) Differences in levels of Native American ancestry in African Americans (orange).</div>
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(C) Differences in levels of European ancestry of African Americans (red), from each state. States with fewer than ten individuals are excluded in gray.</div>
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(D) The geographic distribution of self-reported African Americans with Native American ancestry. The proportion of African Americans in each state who have 2% or more Native American ancestry is shown by shade of green. States with fewer than 20 individuals are excluded in gray.</div>
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<a href="http://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(14)00476-5" style="font-size: medium;">http://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(14)00476-5</a></div>
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-31543699135685794002016-01-25T20:09:00.000-06:002016-01-26T23:22:39.896-06:00THE REINVENTION OF MELUNGEON ETHNICITY<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></i></span></span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Note: Please bear in mind this paper was written well before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome" target="_blank">autosomal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" target="_blank">DNA</a> tests had any practical purpose in<b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy" target="_blank">genealogy</a></b> or population studies. Dr. Brodwin's remarks concern only</span><span style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome" target="_blank">Y chromosome</a> </b></span><span style="color: black; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" target="_blank"><b>m</b><b style="text-decoration: none;">tDNA</b></a>.</span></i><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>THE REINVENTION OF MELUNGEON ETHNICITY </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>by Dr. Paul Brodwin</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br class="kix-line-break" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The conflict between the agendas of scientific genetics and popular movements for recognition and sovereignty does not always implicate chiefly differences in power. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticist" target="_blank"><b>Geneticists</b></a>, of course, do not always end up as the enemies of people providing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" target="_blank">DNA</a>. In the case described below, members of a small, once-isolated group requested DNA analysis to validate their claims of collective </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ancestry. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They were happy to find a geneticist willing to take on their project, but he eventually had serious misgivings about the entire enterprise. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">People asked him to provide evidence about cultural identity and descent, but he knows his science is irrelevant to their most pressing questions.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The rest of this article examines the use of DNA evidence to assert identity claims among the Melungeons, a multiracial group from southern Appalachia.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Their demand for and reception of genetic studies have generated several conflicts, but not along the familiar fault-lines. This case featured few political disagreements about whether research should proceed.</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Obtaining cheek swabs and hair roots, extracting the DNA, and growing cell lines did not provoke a popular outcry about imperialism or formal ethical self-scrutiny. Melungeons’’ demand for collective recognition proved incommensurable not with the politics of genetic research, but instead with the limits that researchers themselves place on, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">160 P. BRODWIN interpretation of their findings. This case turned on the conceptual vulnerability of human population genetics: the mismatch between scientific and popular views about the ability of genetics evidence to establish collective origins and identity.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A formal protocol such as the MEP, meant to adjudicate between acceptable and unacceptable research practices, cannot particularly help geneticists who face a conflict not with potential DNA donors, but instead with their own </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">professional and intellectual commitments. </span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The geneticist who worked with the Melungeons was thus pushed into an even murkier ethical terrain than the HGDP </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">defenders. He found it impossible to resolve the relevant conflicts without abandoning his fundamental dedication to his scientific craft.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For over 100 years, journalists, social scientists, and folklorists have written about the Melungeons of northeastern Tennessee and neighboring regions of Virginia and Kentucky. In a journalistic idiom, the Melungeons are a "lost tribe," Virginia’s mystery race," an "almost exinct," or "dwindling hill clan," to cite titles of popular magazine articles over the years. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">However, attempts at a more accurate description quickly get caught up in the same identity politics that divide the group itself and that drive its current interest in genetic research. Until recently, most academic accounts classified Melungeons as an enclaved community of mixed black, white, and American Indian ancestry, one of several such groups living in the eastern and southern United States.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The anthropologist Gilbert (1946) included Melungeons in his detailed list of "mixed-blood racial islands"——groups that are considered racially distinct by their white, black, and Native American neighbors——along with the Brass Ankles and Croatans of the Carolinas, the Red Bones of Louisiana, the Guineas of West Virginia and Maryland, and the Jackson Whites of New Jersey.6 Gilbert characterized all these groups as backward minorities, suffering from illiteracy and poverty, difficult to classify racially, and needing assimilation to improve their condition.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Other social scientists forgo the paternalism, but offer similar accounts of Melungeon origins. Price (1951) traces the Melungeons to a fluid mixed-race society living in the 18th century in Virgina and the Carolinas. For Beale (1957),</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">they are a "tri-racial isolate," one of 27 such groups found throughout </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the South. Such groups contain "intermingled Indian, white, and Negro ancestry," and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">they persist as singular, bounded communities because of their geographical </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">isolation and the legal or customary restrictions on marriage with both whites and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">blacks (see also Berry 1963). Most recently, DeMarce (1992, 1993)——a professional</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">historian and genealogist——has documented Indian––white, black––white, and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">black––Indian amalgamations among the historic source populations of Melungeons.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">She also traces the likely migration of major Melungeon families from west central Virginia into the core area of northeast Tennessee where most people who now call themselves Melungeon trace their lineage.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BIOETHICS IN ACTION 161 Until the early 1990s, these scholarly representations remained unchallenged by Melungeons themselves, simply because few people actually admitted to being one. Berry’’s informants told him only that he would find Melungeons </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"across the creek" or "in the next hollow" (Berry 1963: 17). Price learned how to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">identify typical Melungeon surnames and physical traits from individuals who specifically disclaimed the identity. Beale noted that in the 1950 Tennessee census, </span></span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman'; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;">individuals locally known as Melungeon were most often marked by census workers as </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">white, less often as Negro, and occasionally as Indian. He emphasizes that the designation</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of tri-racial comes from the outside investigator, not the groups themselves. In fact,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"the mixed-blood individual will usually insist——with vehemence, if </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">necessary——that there is no Negro ancestry in his family . . . but that he is partly </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indian"</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Beale 1957: 188). Cavender (1981) found the same situation during fieldwork </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in Hancock County, Tennessee, in 1979 and 1980. People identified by others </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">as Melungeon usually denied the very existence of the group. Most whites, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">moreover, used the term simply as an epithet for anyone who was poor or had a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">suspected black ancestor. People interviewed by the above researchers presumably did </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">not self-identify as Melungeon for several reasons: to escape the term’’s lower </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">class connotations (shiftless, backwards, thieving); to avoid the danger to one’’s </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">rights and status from acknowledging black ancestry (seeDeMarce 1992: 6––7); or </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">simply because the term no longer existed as a meaningful ethnic marker.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Melungeon" during this period was an exonym, a term that outsiders used </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">to identify the group, but that no one used to label themselves (see Puckett, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2001). The word reinforced the class hierarchy and racial boundaries of southern </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Appalachia.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">However, the meaning and uses of the term began to change in the 1960s. In </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1966, two economists, professors from Jefferson City, Tennessee, conducted a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">regional economic study of Hancock County, at that time among the ten poorest </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">counties in the nation. They recommended the development of tourism and, in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">particular, suggested "a drama featuring the mystery of the Melungeon settlement in the</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">county . . . [t]he natural spin-off from the drama would be an outlet for handicraft </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">items" as well as food and lodging services for tourists (quoted in Ivey 1977:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">102). The play Walk Towards the Sunset: The Melungeon Story——a sentimental</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">narrative about two centuries of anti-Melungeon prejudice——opened in 1969 in</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the Hancock County town of Sneedville (Beale 1990).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The play produced a short-lived tourism boom, but it also inaugurated a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">deeper change in the value and significance of Melungeon identity. In 1973, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sneedville residents began for the first time to identify themselves as Melungeon or to </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">acknowledge Melungeon ancestry (Ivey 1977). Only a few years later, a self-labeled</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">insider to the group complained to Cavender that some of the people "coming out</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of the closet" as Melungeons were actually imposters (Cavender 1981: 32). </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The next phase in this process of ethnic reinvention began two decades later </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">with the publication of The Melungeons: The Resurrection of a Proud People (Kennedy</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">162 P. BRODWIN 1997, first edition published in 1994). In his book, N. Brent Kennedy, PhD, the vice-chancellor of development at Clinch Valley College, Virginia, describes </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">how his struggle with <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis" target="_blank">Sarcoidosis</a></b>, a chronic inflammatory disease, led him to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reconstruct his family genealogy, embrace his Melungeon heritage, and explore the</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">origin and racial makeup of the group. Now in its second edition, the book serves</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">as the first contact for many people entering Melungeon circles. Kennedy </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">also enlisted academic support to find the Melungeon Research Committee (now the</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Melungeon Heritage Association [MHA])</b>, and he organized the growing interest</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in Melungeon identity into a series of yearly meetings. The "First Union," </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">held in 1997 at ClinchValley College with over 500 attendees, featured talks on </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">genealogy and grantsmanship, along with Appalachian music and storytelling.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7 Subsequent meetings have been held yearly in Kentucky and Tennessee. People who </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">consider themselves Melungeon regularly attend these meetings, and they also </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">participate in a vast web presence of family associations and competing home pages that</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">assert different origin theories or explore connections with African-American and</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Native American groups.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the 1990s, therefore, thousands of people began to claim Melungeon </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">identity or descent. The exonym became an autonym. Individuals who once shunned</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the label (or did not even know it existed) now claim it publicly and use it </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">as an entr ´ee into new face-to-face as well as virtual communities. As with </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">many emerging identity movements, conflicts over authenticity and the prerogative </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">to define the group’’s essence and boundaries divide today’’s Melungeons.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8 First of all, people living in the Appalachians who have personally suffered from </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the stigma of poverty and suspected black ancestry have different reasons to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">proclaim themselves Melungeon than do those whose ancestors left the region three or </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">four generations ago and securely enjoy white status. Even locally, the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">better-educated individuals who organize the yearly gatherings inadvertently separate </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">themselves from the poorer majority, who often cannot afford the registration fees and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the time off from work. In fact, the majority of people attending the Fourth </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Union held in 2002 were retirees, often from out of state, with a sprinkling of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">white-collar professionals. Finally, certain Melungeons privilege their Indian descent </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and seek legal recognition as a tribe,</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9 thereby alienating themselves from theMHA, which explicitly does not seek tribal status. The revitalization of Melungeon identity also participates in broader social</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">changes. According to Darlene Wilson, a historian and long-time MHA board </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">member, the Melungeon movement aims to reverse the economic and racial caste</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">system of the United States (Wilson 1998). She believes Melungeon ethnic activities hasten the long-term retreat of American racism, a viewpoint echoed on the MHAweb page:"</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"We firmly believe in the dignity of all such mixed ancestry groups of southern Appalachia and commit to preserving their rich heritage of racial harmony and diversity."10 Kennedy’s book, a touchstone for many present-day</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BIOETHICS IN ACTION 163 Melungeons, adopts the common formulae of late 20th century identity politics:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The restrictive choices of either quietly accepting our "stigma"[as </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Melungeon] or sweeping it under the rug in the pitiful self-delusion of "being like everyone else"were unacceptable.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To me there seemed to be a third, admittedly blasphemous option: to embrace </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">our heritage——whatever it might be——and wear it like a banner . . . . My mother, at first uneasy over my decision to come out of theMelungeon closet, quickly came to understand. (Kennedy 1997:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7)Intentionally or not, Kennedy’’s self-description recalls the shame of trying to pass as white or to normalize a physical disability, as well as the ordeal of acknowledging one’’s homosexuality to family members. As the Melungeons’’most well-known spokesman, Kennedy demands recognition in terms similar to those employed by many other groups in the national political scene. His calls to overcome internalized stigma, to make authentic contact with oneself, and to honor group distinctiveness in the face of pressures to assimilate are all standard ingredients in contemporary politics of difference (Taylor 1992: 38 and passim).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For many Melungeons, the right to establish their own origin story is the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">most public demand for recognition. Of all the speculations about origins that </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">circulated in popular accounts, the claim of Portuguese descent has the oldest </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">published history, dating to at least 1848.11 Academic and popular writers have </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">long reported that individuals classified as Melungeon (when that term was still</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">an exonym) would call themselves Portuguese, often pronounced </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Porty-ghee."</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kennedy (1997) supports the Portuguese theory and adds to it ancestry claims</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">about Turks and Moors who settled in the colonial southeastern United </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">States.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">His complicated account comes wrapped in a demand to respect his Melungeon</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ancestors who, he says, were telling the truth when they described themselves as</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Portuguese. The "tri-racial isolate" theory, he writes, traces white ancestry exclusively</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">to the British Isles. It is not only incorrect, it is also politically damaging, for it denies people "the God-given right to claim their national or specific ethnic heritages"</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" (Kennedy 1997: 100). For Kennedy and his supporters,12 establishing an authoritative origin story is an a priori right of the Melungeon community. This collectivity, like all </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">others, deserves recognition in terms of its own choosing, even (or especially) in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the face of outsider experts. Many Melungeons fiercely support Kennedy’’s ideas about</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Portuguese origins. They reject the standard scholarly opinion that the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">group arose from an amalgam of northern Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They claim that calling Melungeons a "tri-racial isolate" connotes </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">inbreeding, inferiority, and hence reproduces the elitist stereotype of Appalachian </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">residents.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Claims of Portuguese descent generate polemics for a second and even more</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">highly charged reason. Scholarly opinion holds that Melungeons (and other </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mixed-race groups) historically called themselves Portuguese to deflect suspicion</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">164 P. BRODWIN of African ancestry. DeMarce (1993) and Henige (1998) both cite an 1872 Tennessee Supreme Court decision that classified a Melungeon woman as a descendant of ancient Carthagenians who long resided in Portugal, and hence not Negro. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The ruling legalized her marriage to a white man and enabled her child to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">inherit the father’’s estate (DeMarce 1993: 33). In general, many people insecure about </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">their racial identity in the antebellum and Jim Crow South tried to pass as white </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">by claiming Portuguese or other southern European ancestry (Everett 1999: 370).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">According to Henige (1984), the label Portuguese is a contrived defense </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mechanism that reinforces one’’s endangered white status. Henige (1998: 280) applied</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">this perspective to Kennedy’’s book, which he faults for its studied ambivalence</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">about acknowledging black ancestry. Henige’’s critique as well as the long history</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of claims about Portuguese descent made by groups in the South raises the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">stakes considerably. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For Brent Kennedy, proving the Portuguese origin story would not only vindicate the right of Melungeons to author their own history. It would also exonerate him and the Melungeons from charges of crypto-racism and of disguising the truth about group origins: serious matters in the current climate of identity politics.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IDENTITY CLAIMS AND POPULATION GENETICS</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To convince others to accept his theory of Melungeon origins, Kennedy turned </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">to population genetics:The call for DNA really came from outside the community, not within.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> It really came from scholars who took offense at our writings, who criticized these </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">outlandish claims that differed from the standard tri-racial accounts. They said that these </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">claims cannot be substantiated, given the historical records that we have here in Virginia, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">where we think the core Melungeon population originated. They said that the only way you can prove these theories of Mediterranean, Turkish, Portuguese, or Jewish origin, or the possible source for the illnesses that people have, is through DNA (Brent Kennedy).13</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the early 1990s, Kennedy had consulted several academic geneticists who</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">told him that a proper population study——with DNA samples from both </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Melungeons and comparison populations in Portugal and Turkey——would cost over a</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">million dollars. In the following years, however, advances in mapping the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">human genome brought the price down considerably. Thanks to PCR technology and</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">new databases of regionally and ethnically labeled DNA, geneticists can now </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">take DNA samples locally and make probabilistic statements about population </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">history without collecting new samples from distant parts of the world (see Bradman </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and Thomas 1998, and for a popular account, Sykes 2001).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 1998, Kennedy presented his ideas for genetics research to Kevin Jones——a</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">British molecular biologist and newly arrived assistant professor at the University</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BIOETHICS IN ACTION 165 of Virginia College at Wise (the re-named ClinchValley College).Although he had never heard of the Melungeons, Jones took on the project because he was intrigued by the patterns of unusual diseases (e.g., thalassemia and Familial Mediterranean Fever) typically associated with southern European ancestry that also occur among white, presumably Scotch––Irish, Appalachians. Brent Kennedy, however, wanted the genetics research to authenticate certain ancestry claims, not to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reconstruct disease patterns, and he essentially steered the research in his direction. Kennedy oversaw the collection of DNA samples from descendants of the historic core</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Melungeon population, and Jones genotyped the population (by calculating the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">frequency of particular makers on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">non recombineng portion of the Y chromosome), and compared Melungeon frequencies</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">to those recorded for various world populations. (Jones has not yet published the Melungeon data, but he says his approach parallels the work by Weale et al. 2002</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and Wilson et al. 2001.)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The cultural politics of self-ascribed Melungeons interacted with the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">technical demands of population genetics to produce the "rough edges" of Jones’’s </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">research: the zones of conflict between professional and lay expectations (see Bosk </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1992). </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To begin with, this sort of research requires a clearly identified core </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">population for sampling. However, the inclusion criteria for this group are essentially </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">contested.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">People who now call themselves Melungeon live both in southern Appalachia </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and across the United States show a range of complexions and physical types, and</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">bear a number of surnames. Conversely, many people with the same residence,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">appearance, and surnames do not identify as Melungeons. By necessity, Jones</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">relied entirely on Brent Kennedy to delineate the core Melungeon group.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I decided whom to sample. I think I know who are the original Melungeons, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">those who lived between 1725 and 1790. I asked myself, can we locate the descendants of those people?</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hence, we chose seven or eight people on the Virginia side and ten on the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vardy, Tennessee, side.We began with these people who everyone agrees are the original </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Melungeons. It was very easy to find their descendants. We all know who was related to whom; we just had to find the right cousin (Brent Kennedy).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14 At this stage, Kevin Jones’’s role was to ensure that enough samples were</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">collected, that they came from independent lineages and that the descent was </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">traced exclusively through the female or male line, a requirement for </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">research with mtDNA and Y chromosome markers.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In contrast to the HGDP, the process of collecting Melungeon DNA did not </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">raise any questions about group sovereignty or informed consent. Kennedy presented</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">his plan for sampling to the Vardy Historical Society, a local community board of self-identified Melungeons. They immediately endorsed it, as did the people </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">approached in Virginia. In fact, Melungeons began to request DNA testing in</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">numbers that far exceeded the needs of research and the technical capacity in</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(To be continued)</span></div>
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-22100437355452745362015-12-20T11:05:00.000-06:002015-12-20T11:05:21.553-06:00Don’t be fooled by the "Faux" Ancestry DNA test!!!<div class="articleheading" style="background-color: white; color: #282828; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">That “by” word</span></h1>
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<span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Posted on</span> <a href="http://www.legalgenealogist.com/blog/2015/12/20/that-by-word/" rel="bookmark" style="color: #a52203; cursor: pointer; font-size: 1em; line-height: 16.38px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="10:00 am">December 20, 2015</a> <span class="meta-sep" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by</span> <span class="author createby vcard" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="url fn n" href="http://www.legalgenealogist.com/blog/author/judy-g-russell/" style="color: #a52203; cursor: pointer; font-size: 1em; line-height: 16.38px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="View all posts by Judy G. Russell">Judy G. Russell</a></span></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Don’t be fooled</strong></em></div>
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Judging from the inbox of <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Legal Genealogist</em> (and of every genetic genealogist I know), it happens all too often.</div>
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And it’s just happened again.</div>
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Reader Theresa wrote in just yesterday: “I purchased AncestrybyDNA — a waste of money. Got a purple blob circle telling me I am European… I KNOW that. No breakdown of percents, Do not waste your money!”</div>
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Uh oh.</div>
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<span style="color: #282828; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.3px; line-height: 21.45px;"><a href="http://www.legalgenealogist.com/blog/2015/12/20/that-by-word/">http://www.legalgenealogist.com/blog/2015/12/20/that-by-word/</a></span></span></div>
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© History Chasers <a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">Click here to view all recent Historical Melungeons Blog posts </a> <a href="http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php" onclick="window.open('http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?wt=nw&pub=HistoryChaser&url='+encodeURIComponent(location.href)+'&title='+encodeURIComponent(document.title), 'addthis', 'scrollbars=yes,menubar=no,width=620,height=520,resizable=yes,toolbar=no,location=no,status=no,screenX=200,screenY=100,left=200,top=100'); return false;" target="_blank" title="Bookmark and Share"><img alt="Bookmark and Share" border="0" src="http://s7.addthis.com/button1-share.gif" height="16" width="125" /></a>
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-21650780743359236852015-12-17T19:42:00.004-06:002015-12-17T19:42:52.531-06:00FREE DNA Tests Thanks to Judy Russell<div style="background-color: white; color: #282828; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5cm; padding: 0px;">
<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">From the blog of Judy Russell, (a right jolly good elf) Free DNA tests… for three lucky readers</strong></em></div>
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In case you hadn’t noticed, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Legal Genealogist</em> is a DNA junkie. More money has gone out of this household in the last few years for DNA tests than for some entire categories of normal household budgets.</div>
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But that’s because I can afford it.</div>
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And not everybody can.</div>
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So many times, after I’ve written a post about how some brickwall was breached with DNA results, or some sale price was being offered, or some advance had been made, someone will quietly say, “I wish I could test, but I can’t afford it.”</div>
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<img alt="present" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-11165" height="300" scale="0" src="http://www.legalgenealogist.com/components/com_wordpress/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/present.png" style="border: none; display: inline; float: left; margin: 4px 24px 12px 0px; max-width: 640px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" width="293" />And that always stops me in my tracks.</div>
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It makes me think how very lucky I am, that I have never had to choose between a keen genealogical tool I really want like a DNA test … and putting food on the table, or paying the electric or heating bill.</div>
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It happened again earlier this week, after last Sunday’s post about what DNA tests might be available at what budget levels,<span class="footnote" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.4em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.legalgenealogist.com/blog/2015/12/17/a-happier-holiday-season/#fn-11164-1" id="fnref-11164-1" style="color: #a52203; cursor: pointer; font-size: 1em; line-height: 16.6833px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">1</a></span> when more than one person quietly said, “I wish I could test, but I can’t afford it.”</div>
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I happened to be on Facebook when I read those words and, as I did, I noticed a name lit up on the right hand side showing a friend of mine was online.</div>
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And she happens to work for <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/" style="color: #a52203; cursor: pointer; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.02px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Family Tree DNA</a>.</div>
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I put an idea to her, she took it up the line, and I am just thrilled to be able to say that, thanks to the generosity of Family Tree DNA, three lucky readers are going to have a happier holiday season.</div>
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Thanks to the generosity of Family Tree DNA, I’m going to be able to give away three DNA test kits — one YDNA 37-marker kit, and two Family Finder autosomal kits.</div>
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First, the rules:</h4>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.legalgenealogist.com/blog/2015/12/17/a-happier-holiday-season/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://www.legalgenealogist.<wbr></wbr>com/blog/2015/12/17/a-happier-<wbr></wbr>holiday-season/</a></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">Good luck!!!!</span></b></div>
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© History Chasers <a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">Click here to view all recent Historical Melungeons Blog posts </a> <a href="http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php" onclick="window.open('http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?wt=nw&pub=HistoryChaser&url='+encodeURIComponent(location.href)+'&title='+encodeURIComponent(document.title), 'addthis', 'scrollbars=yes,menubar=no,width=620,height=520,resizable=yes,toolbar=no,location=no,status=no,screenX=200,screenY=100,left=200,top=100'); return false;" target="_blank" title="Bookmark and Share"><img alt="Bookmark and Share" border="0" src="http://s7.addthis.com/button1-share.gif" height="16" width="125" /></a>
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-88507500804277941222015-11-13T11:34:00.000-06:002015-11-13T12:06:44.052-06:00Blaine Bettinger's Shared cM Project – An Update<br />
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<header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 14.4px; margin: 0px 0px 20px;"><i><b>One of the greatest advantages of the DNA Testing Community is the participant's willingness to share. This article and chart are an example. I am pretty sure I sent in my donations to this project. In any case, I am surely glad all these other people did, enabling the author to compile actual data for comparisons. </b></i><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 14.4px;">
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The Shared cM Project – An Update</h1>
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<span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2015/05/25/the-shared-cm-project-an-update/" rel="bookmark" style="color: #999999; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.14s ease 0s;" title="9:23 pm"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2015-05-25T21:23:32+00:00">25 May 2015</time></a></span><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/author/admin/" style="color: #999999; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.14s ease 0s;" title="View all posts by Blaine Bettinger">Blaine Bettinger</a></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmbim26CU_evlfGu2IpYtiGmPVipeG6MY0fN9ymzyFpJE4w96uP4mYaH35Ib-xMxIOts4z00ka8sp4rNGDUhyj5NIWN_os6VWbdi4NSh9DQwOzEr6fhpN8HMkYKYLdks7CsJIGIZ0YeAM/s1600/Shared-cM-Project-1-1024x818.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmbim26CU_evlfGu2IpYtiGmPVipeG6MY0fN9ymzyFpJE4w96uP4mYaH35Ib-xMxIOts4z00ka8sp4rNGDUhyj5NIWN_os6VWbdi4NSh9DQwOzEr6fhpN8HMkYKYLdks7CsJIGIZ0YeAM/s320/Shared-cM-Project-1-1024x818.png" width="520" /></a></div>
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<span class="byline"><b><br /></b></span> <span class="byline"><b>C = cousin R = removed</b></span></div>
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As you might recall, a few months ago I sent out a call (“<a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2015/03/04/collecting-sharing-information-for-known-relationships/" style="color: #eb2121; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.14s ease 0s;">Collecting Sharing Information for Known Relationships</a>“) for information about the amount of DNA shared by people having a known genealogical relationship. I was hoping to get a better picture of the ranges of the amount of DNA shared by people in these relationships (through about the third cousin range). The incredibly generous genetic genealogy community responded by submitting data bout more than <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>6,000</strong></span> relationships!</div>
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I posted information a few weeks ago (“<a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2015/04/06/collecting-sharing-information-for-known-relationships-part-ii/" style="color: #eb2121; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.14s ease 0s;">Collecting Sharing Information for Known Relationships – Part II</a>“), but today I have an update.</div>
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This data is shared under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" style="color: #eb2121; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.14s ease 0s;">Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC license</a>. You are free to share and use the information for non-commercial purposes, as long as you give proper attribution and release anything you create under the same license.</div>
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Continued here:<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1894936930"><br /></a> <a href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2015/05/25/the-shared-cm-project-an-update/">http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2015/05/25/the-shared-cm-project-an-update/</a><br />
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</header>Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-71783326308469815812015-11-05T13:06:00.001-06:002015-11-05T13:12:05.131-06:00Big Changes Coming to 23andMe!!!<br />
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<span style="color: #999999;">The 23andMe Transition – First Step November 11th</span></h1>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkpDzZ3XIh71oep6GTLyG-NvgxpYTLozcLj0qvYfduNnKevVmeOKVZVBZtyo5NErY1wog0HVZ9UHOC8ynACeo3ubkzVLWmXmyCg5Rl6c4MVgfOIoGu84yqTbrX9eQo4JGbo7wR8WKxKsA/s1600/download.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkpDzZ3XIh71oep6GTLyG-NvgxpYTLozcLj0qvYfduNnKevVmeOKVZVBZtyo5NErY1wog0HVZ9UHOC8ynACeo3ubkzVLWmXmyCg5Rl6c4MVgfOIoGu84yqTbrX9eQo4JGbo7wR8WKxKsA/s1600/download.png" /></a></div>
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<span class="sep" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Posted on </span><a href="http://dna-explained.com/2015/11/05/the-23andme-transition-first-step-november-11th/" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; color: #1982d1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="4:50 pm">November 5, 2015</a></div>
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If you tested through 23andMe, certainly by now you know they are undergoing a <a href="http://dna-explained.com/2015/10/21/23andme-to-get-a-makeover-after-agreement-with-fda/" style="border: 0px; color: #1982d1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">rather dramatic facelift</a> and change of how their webpage, tools and matching works.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">What’s Changing?</strong></div>
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After November 11<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">th</span>, many changes will occur and many matches will no longer be available to you, especially if they are anonymous or use a nickname. <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/211831948-Mapping-features-from-the-original-23andMe-to-the-new-23andMe" style="border: 0px; color: #1982d1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Here</a> is a complete list of what will and will not be available.</div>
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The genetic genealogy community is struggling to understand exactly what this means to us, in terms of matches and functionality – both lost and gained. Suffice it to say that a lot of confusion remains, so be on the safe side and download both your individual match list and your COA (Countries of Ancestry) matches if you utilize those.</div>
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Cont. here:<br />
<b><br /></b> <a href="http://dna-explained.com/2015/11/05/the-23andme-transition-first-step-november-11th/?blogsub=pending#subscribe-blog"><b>http://dna-explained.com/2015/11/05/the-23andme-transition-first-step-november-11th/?blogsub=pending#subscribe-blog</b></a><br />
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-14393716318870824262015-11-04T12:16:00.002-06:002015-11-04T23:29:01.383-06:00Embracing the Appalachian Accent <br />
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<img alt="I Am Not Ashamed Of My Appalachian Accent" class="unveil unveiled" data-focal-y="50" src="http://cdn1.theodysseyonline.com/files/2015/10/30/635818155253301535-1735104739_Smokies-Fall_001.imgopt1000x70.jpg" data-src-retina="http://cdn1.theodysseyonline.com/files/2015/10/30/635818155253301535-1735104739_Smokies-Fall_001.imgopt1000x70.jpg" data-src="http://cdn1.theodysseyonline.com/files/2015/10/30/635818155253301535-1735104739_Smokies-Fall_001.imgopt1000x70.jpg" height="452" itemprop="'image'/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: margin-top 0.12s ease-out, opacity 0.4s ease-in-out, height 0.2s linear; vertical-align: middle; width: 780px;" width="" /><br />
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Image Credit:</span> <a href="http://theodysseyonline.com/eku/ashamed-appalachian-accent/www.reservegatlinburg.com" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.reservegatlinburg.com</a></div>
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I Am Not Ashamed Of My Appalachian Accent</h1>
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Our culture goes beyond our vowel pronunciation.</h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Sydney Meade</span> in <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">500 Words On</span> on <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Nov 3, 2015</span></div>
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I spent the first 18 years of my life being molded by the mountains. I have explored every twist and turn on the back of a four wheeler. I know exactly how the Appalachian hills reflect each season with a beauty that only God himself could have crafted. When I left for college, a mere three hours away, I did not know how different I would seem to some of my peers because of where I call home. My accent was <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">always</i> the first topic of conversation, most out of genuine curiosity but some just condescension. The follow up question typically involved “...but what do you <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">do </i>there?” and ended with a causal “I could<i style="box-sizing: border-box;">never </i>live there.” It was confusing and sometimes hurtful how easily people could dismiss the place I loved. As college continued, though, I grew and made connections beyond that of my hometown. My accent still remained a tell-tale reminder of where I was from, though. I continued to get questions about it or be asked to repeat words because of the way I said them. I will not lie and say that I was never embarrassed, because I was, but I also knew that hiding my voice would be an injustice to my home.</div>
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Cont. here:</div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "open sans" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 30px;"><a href="http://theodysseyonline.com/eku/ashamed-appalachian-accent/203381">http://theodysseyonline.com/eku/ashamed-appalachian-accent/203381</a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "open sans" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 30px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: "open sans" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 30px;">Related:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "open sans" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 30px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: "open sans" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 30px;"><a href="http://www.tngenweb.org/franklin/franfolk.htm" target="_blank"><b>DICTIONARY OF MOUNTAIN TALK </b></a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "open sans" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: "open sans" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 30px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_English">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_English</a></span></span></div>
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<i><b>This is wonderful that this "child of Appalachia" recognises how precious and valuable her accent is. JEC</b></i><br />
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-5314608404441975772015-10-22T18:05:00.000-05:002015-10-22T20:46:51.725-05:00Whoever Heard of Irish Slaves?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhguPsaylUjf4NGrpMgW-XOS8O6Kws554pTM9gYTY8O77FlynriZzPQHYFsZippP50pcFNhcML6FihMtJXSdPMjzIJmy-JMMp0W5MCPnJosHRRf5wdA6_L02wBtYM17nkiTLD9L2QctWFY/s1600/white-slave65a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhguPsaylUjf4NGrpMgW-XOS8O6Kws554pTM9gYTY8O77FlynriZzPQHYFsZippP50pcFNhcML6FihMtJXSdPMjzIJmy-JMMp0W5MCPnJosHRRf5wdA6_L02wBtYM17nkiTLD9L2QctWFY/s320/white-slave65a.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1252371818">H</a>ave you ever heard of Irish Slaves? Maybe you think this is a myth. Read more here:<br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1252371818"><br /></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxCKKqZ2iKU" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxCKKqZ2iKU</a><br /><br />Related:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1252371818"><br /></a>
<a href="http://ambnotes.blogspot.com/2015/10/out-of-ireland-story-of-irish.html">http://ambnotes.blogspot.com/2015/10/out-of-ireland-story-of-irish.html</a><br />
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-21360994425295469972015-10-19T12:30:00.000-05:002015-10-20T00:03:12.101-05:00How Blacks have Irish Last Names<span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">Ever wonder how a lot of African Americans have Irish last names? It is not because of Irish slave owners, no erase that foolishness……don’t think Gone With The Wind and the O’Hara plantation. What a lot of people don’t know is that Irish were slaves too, hundreds of thousands were sent to work in the West Indies and they blended with the black slaves thus we have Irish names like McFadden, McDonalds, etc.</span><br />
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<a href="https://trianglebelowcanalstreet.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/irish-descendants.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.3s ease; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Irish descendants" class=" size-medium wp-image-121 alignright" src="https://trianglebelowcanalstreet.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/irish-descendants.jpg?w=248&h=300" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; float: right; height: auto; margin-left: 1.5em; max-width: 100%;" /></a>They came as slaves; vast human cargo transported on tall British ships bound for the Americas. They were shipped by the hundreds of thousands and included men, women, and even the youngest of children.</div>
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Whenever they rebelled or even disobeyed an order, they were punished in the harshest ways. Slave owners would hang their human property by their hands and set their hands or feet on fire as one form of punishment. They were burned alive and had their heads placed on pikes in the marketplace as a warning to other captives.</div>
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">We don’t really need to go through all of the gory details, do we? We know all too well the atrocities of the African slave trade.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">But, are we talking about African slavery? King James II and Charles I also led a continued effort to enslave the Irish. Britain’s famed Oliver Cromwell furthered this practice of dehumanizing one’s next door neighbor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">The Irish slave trade began when James II sold 30,000 Irish prisoners as slaves to the New World. His Proclamation of 1625 required Irish political prisoners be sent overseas and sold to English settlers in the West Indies. By the mid 1600s, the Irish were the main slaves sold to Antigua and </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">Montserrat. At that time, 70% of the total population of Montserrat were Irish slaves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Cont. here:</span></span><br />
<a href="http://trianglebelowcanalstreet.com/2015/02/04/how-blacks-have-irish-last-names/">http://trianglebelowcanalstreet.com/2015/02/04/how-blacks-have-irish-last-names/</a><br />
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Related: This phenomena has been noted for the Welsh as well. And few of the Welsh were slave owner. I don't think it is far fetched to extrapolate this explanation to include the Welsh, because the English were notoriously cruel to the Welsh. JEC<br />
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Supplemental reading about Irish slaves:<br />
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<a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2008/07/persons-of-mean-and-vile-condition.html">http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2008/07/persons-of-mean-and-vile-condition.html</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2008/07/persons-of-mean-and-vile-condition-pt-2.html">http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2008/07/persons-of-mean-and-vile-condition-pt-2.html</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2008/07/persons-of-mean-and-vile-condition-pt-3.html">http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2008/07/persons-of-mean-and-vile-condition-pt-3.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2008/07/persons-of-mean-and-vile-condition-pt-4.html">http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2008/07/persons-of-mean-and-vile-condition-pt-4.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2008/07/history-of-life-of-james-revel-unhappy.html">http://historical-melungeons.blogspot.com/2008/07/history-of-life-of-james-revel-unhappy.html</a></div>
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-55621377600232348992015-10-12T10:12:00.000-05:002015-10-12T10:12:08.501-05:00Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits of the United States Pt. 2Lauber, Almon Wheeler<br />
PART II<br />
<br />
THE INSTITUTION AS PRACTICED BY THE ENGLISH<br />
104 105<br />
CHAPTER IV<br />
<br />
THE NUMBER OF INDIAN SLAVES<br />
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To arrive at any knowledge of the exact number of Indian slaves in any of the English colonies is impossible. Census reports and other vital statistics are infrequent or lacking, especially in the early colonial period; and often in such statistics as are extant Indian slaves either receive no mention, or are classed with negro slaves without distinction. From existing records, however, one is able to obtain a knowledge of the comparative numbers in the different groups of colonies, and to some extent in the individual colonies, during the colonial period. New England and the southern colonies were the sections that employed Indian slave labor most extensively, the south taking precedence, for climatic conditions there were more favorable, and economic conditions made necessary a larger quantity of servile labor than was required in the north.1 Yet New England made use of the natives as slaves as long as they lasted,2 and drew further supplies from Maine,3 the Carolinas,4 and other districts.5<br />
<br />
Among the English colonies, the Carolinas stood first<br />
1 Doyle, English Colonies in America, The Puritan Colonies, ii, p. 506.<br />
2 I. e., until after the Pequot and King Philip Wars.<br />
3 Freeman, The History of Cape Cod, p. 72.<br />
4 Connecticut Colonial Records, 1715, p. 516.<br />
5 Coffin, A Sketch of the History of Newbury, etc., p. 337; Essex Institute Historical Collections, vii, p. 73; Connecticut Colonial Records, 1711, p. 233.<br />
<br />
106<br />
<br />
in the use of Indians as slaves. Such use began with the founding of the colony. The need for laborers was great; the source of supply was near at hand and the colonists availed themselves of their opportunity. Probably captives of the Stono War became the Indian slaves mentioned in the inventory of Captain Valentine Byrd, “one of the grandees of the time.”1 In a report on conditions in the colony, made to the proprietors, September 17, 1708, by Governor Nathaniel Johnson and his council, the number of Indian men slaves was given as 500, Indian women slaves, as 600, Indian children slaves, as 300, a total of 1400 Indian slaves. The number of negroes at the same time was stated as 4100, of indentured servants, 120, and of free whites, 3960. The governor gave the cause of the rapid increase in the number of the Indian slaves during the five preceding years, as “our late conquest over the French and Spanish, and the success of our forces against the Appalaskys and in other Indian engagements.”2<br />
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Only a small portion of the whole number of Indians enslaved were kept in the colony.3 Yet, in 1708, it was estimated that the native population furnished one-fourth of the whole number of slaves in South Carolina.4 The public records of that colony contain a list of ninety-eight Indian slaves with their owners’ names, taken by the Spaniards and their allies in 1715, during the Indian<br />
1 Hawks, History of North Carolina, etc., second edition, ii, p. 577.<br />
2 Bancroft Papers Relating to Carolina, in New York City Public Library, MSS. vol. i, 1662-1769; Rivers, A Sketch of the History of South Carolina to the Close of the Proprietary Government, etc., p. 232; South Carolina Historical Society Collections, ii, p. 217; Thomas, The Indians of North America, etc., p. 95; Schaper, Sectionalism in South Carolina, p. 263.<br />
3 Logan, A History of the Upper Country of South Carolina, i, p. 189.<br />
4 Rivers, A Sketch of the History of South Carolina to the Close of Proprietary Government, etc., p. 231.<br />
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107<br />
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war, and carried to St. Augustine. The number of these slaves belonging to individual persons varied from one to ten.1 A report of 1723 mentions the number of slaves in South Carolina and Georgia as ranging from 16,000 to 20,000, “chiefly negroes and a few Indians.”2 Another report of the following year estimates the number of slaves as 32,000, “mostly negroes”,3 In 1728, the population of St. Thomas’ parish, South Carolina, consisted of 565 whites, 950 negro slaves, and 60 Indian slaves.4 From<br />
1 Public Records of South Carolina, 1711-1716, vi, p. 276; British Public Record Office, Am. N. I., vol. 620.<br />
2 Hewat, An Historical Account of the Rise of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, i, p. 309.<br />
3 Glenn, A Description of South Carolina, etc., p. 81; Charleston Year Book, 1883, p. 407. (A quotation from a pamphlet entitled, “The Importance of the British Plantations in America to this Kingdom,” London, 1731).<br />
4 Dalcho, An Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church in South Carolina, p. 287; Humphreys, An Historical Account of the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, etc., edition of 1730, pp. 103-105.<br />
As the result of the intermingling of negroes and Indians, which came about when the coast tribes dwindled and the small number of remaining members moved inland, associated and intermarried with the negroes until they finally lost their identity and were classed with that race, a considerable portion of the blood of the southern negroes is unquestionably Indian. Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1897-1898, p. 233. It was these mixed bloods, as well as the pure blood Indians, to which the statutes referred by the terms “Indian slaves” and “mustee,” or “mestee,” slaves. Occasional mention is made in the colonial newspapers of slaves of the mixed red and black races. American Weekly Mercury, October 24, 1734. The opinion has even been advanced that, in certain of the colonies, there never were any pure blood Indian slaves. Mr. W. B. Melius of Albany, New York, asserts; “I do not believe the pure Indian was sold as a slave (in New York), I believe the Indian who was the slave was not without mixture.” New York State Library Bulletin, History, No. 4, May, 1900. One instance of the mixture of the Indians and negroes in New York is found in a complaint made in 1717, that negro slaves ran away, and were secreted by the Minisink with whose women they intermarried. Ibid., No. 4, May, 1900.<br />
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108<br />
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these statistics, it will be seen that the number of Indian slaves was much smaller than the number of negroes, and that it was growing smaller toward the middle of the eighteenth century, while that of negroes was constantly increasing.<br />
<br />
The early history of Indian slavery in Georgia is so bound up with that of Carolina, the Indian wars, and the difficulties with the Spaniards of Florida, as to require but little especial attention. After the settlement of Georgia as a separate colony, occasional mention is made of Indian slaves.1 In 1759, as the basis for a tax bill, the number of slaves was placed at 2500, but a committee of the legislature declared the number to have been underestimated. How many of this number were Indians is not known. The colony was settled at a time when Indian slavery was passing out of existence. So it is safe to state that the number of such slaves was small.<br />
<br />
The number of Indian slaves in Virginia, also, was small, owing largely to the number of indentured servants, and to the early introduction and fitness of the negroes for the labor of the colony. In 1671, Berkeley reported the whole population of the colony as 40,000, the number of indentured servants as 6000, and that of slaves as 2000. But no division of slaves according to color was made. In certain sections but few slaves were used. The Scotch-Irish and the Germans preferred their own labor to that of slaves. Some Indians were taken in war, but they were inconsiderable when compared with the number captured in the Carolinas. Occasional mention of Indian slaves is found well into the eighteenth century.<br />
<br />
Indian slavery in Massachusetts began early. Following<br />
1 Colonial Records of the State of Georgia, vi, p. 259, mentions an Indian slave in 1749.<br />
2 Howe, Historical Collections of Virginia, etc., p. 134.<br />
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109<br />
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the Pequot War, 1637, forty-eight captives were retained as slaves in the colony,1 After King Philip’s War, 1675, also, certain of the captives were made slaves,2 but no record exists of the exact number. The various records and histories of the Massachusetts towns show a general distribution of Indian slaves throughout the colony during the colonial period, such as existed following the two Indian wars above noted. Mere mention may be made of some of these: Plymouth,3 Boston,4 Roxbury,5 Ipswich,6 Quincy,7 Charleston,8 Malden,9 Haverhill,10 Milton.11 None of the official reports on the condition of New England makes mention of Indian slaves.12 But statistics show the number of slaves in Massachusetts in 1720 to have been 2000, including a few Indians.13 In 1790, according to the<br />
1 Winthrop, Journal History of New England, i, p. 225, in Original Narratives of Early American History.<br />
2 See Chapter V.<br />
3 “It seems probable that there were no Indian slaves in Plymouth before the division of land in 1623.” Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, series 4, iii, p. 114.<br />
4 Boston News Letter and other newspapers.<br />
5 Ellis, The History of Roxbury Town, p. 136.<br />
6 Felt, The History of Ipswich, pp. 306, 320; Boston Weekly Mercury, October 2, 1735.<br />
7 Wilson, Where American Independence Began, p. 154.<br />
8 Corey, The History of Malden, p. 416.<br />
9 Ibid.<br />
10 Chase, The History of Haverhill, pp. 239, 248.<br />
11 Earle, Customs and Fashions in Old New England, p. 84.<br />
12 Doyle, English Colonies in America, The Puritan Colonies, ii, p. 68. In 1708, Governor Dudley made a report on slaves and the slave trade to the Board of Trade, in which he stated that there were 400 negro slaves in Massachusetts. No mention was made of Indians. Historical Magazine, x, p. 52.<br />
13 American Antiquarian Society Proceedings, 1885-1887, new series, iv, p. 216.<br />
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110<br />
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United States census report, the number of slaves in the state was 6,001, which number included about 200 half breed Indians.1 Since Massachusetts took the lead in the two Indian wars of New England, it seems likely that the number of Indian slaves in that colony exceeded that in either Connecticut or Rhode Island.2<br />
<br />
The Rhode Island laws from 1636 to 1704 make no mention of Indian slaves. Yet they were held in the colony before 1704. The records of Block Island show them there in sufficient numbers, in 1675, to warrant the town council regulating their action. Captives taken in King Philip’s War were retained in the colony temporarily as slaves. The Boston newspapers occasionally mention runaway Indian slaves of Block Island.3 Both negro and Indian slavery reached a development in colonial Narragansett unusual in the northern colonies.4 In 1730, South Kingston had a population of 935 whites, 333 negroes and 223 Indian slaves. Eighteen years later, the proportion of races was nearly the same: 1405 whites, 380 negroes, and 193 Indians.5 As late as 1778, the laws of Rhode Island mentioned Indian slaves.6<br />
<br />
Indian slavery in Connecticut began almost with the founding of the colony, and came about as a result of the Pequot War (1636). The captives taken in the war were<br />
1 American Statistical Association Collections, i, pp. 208-214; Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, series 1, iv, p. 199.<br />
2 Livermore, A History of Block Island, etc., p. 60.<br />
3 New England Courant, June 17, 1723—A Spanish Indian runaway from Newport; Boston Gazette, October 28, 1728—An Indian runaway slave from Warwick, Rhode Island.<br />
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-51205919540175664312015-10-11T15:21:00.001-05:002015-10-11T15:32:01.283-05:00Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits of the United States Pt. 1<span style="color: #330000;">New York: Columbia University, 1913</span><br />
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<span style="color: #330000;"> Lauber, Almon Wheeler</span><br />
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<span style="color: #330000;"> OF the processes in vogue among the English for the acquisition of Indian slaves, the most productive was that of warfare.1 With the exception of the Pequot War and King Philip’s War in New England, the Indian wars in the English colonies were confined to the south, and there the greatest number of Indian war captives were enslaved.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #330000;"> After the Indian massacre of 1622 in Virginia, there was published in London, in the same year, a tract entitled “The Relation of the Barbarous Massacre in Time of Peace and League, treacherously executed by the native infidels upon the English, the Twenty-second of March, 1622, published by Authority.” The general trend of the tract is to show the good that might result to the plantation from this disaster. Number five of the possible results reads: “Because the Indians, who before were used as friends, may now most justly be compelled to servitude in mines, and the like, of whom some may be sent for the use of the Summer Islands.”2</span><br />
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<br />
<span style="color: #330000;"> The policy advocated by the tract was carried out in succeeding Indian wars in Virginia. The accounts of a certain Thomas Smallcomb, lieutenant at Fort Royal on Pamunkey, who was probably killed in the war with Opechancanough, show him possessed at the time of his death, 1646, of several Indian slaves.1 It seems probable that these slaves were captives in war. After his rebellion, 1676, Bacon sold some of his Indian prisoners.2 The rest were disposed of by Governor Berkeley.3</span><br />
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<br />
<span style="color: #330000;"> From the beginning of the colony, the settlers of Carolina were in trouble with the Indians. In September, 1671, war was declared against the Kussoe, a tribe on the southern frontier who posed as allies of the Spaniards, and who vexed the Carolina settlers with petty depredations. The Kussoe were quickly defeated, and the prisoners sent to be sold out of the colony, unless ransomed by their country men.4 During the war with the Stono Indians in 1680, the captive Indians were brought to Charleston and sold by Governor West to the traders in the colony to be carried to the West Indies as slaves.5</span><br />
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<br />
<span style="color: #330000;"> The breaking out of the war of the Spanish Succession in 1701 gave Governor Moore a chance to attack the Spanish Indians, capture and sell them under the excuse of the rules of war. Therefore, in 1702, he led a force of militia and Indians against St. Augustine, burned the city, and carried off, as slaves, whatever Indians he could obtain from the Spanish Indian villages along the way.1 A second attack on St. Augustine was made by Moore in 1704, with the purpose of destroying missions and carrying off slaves.2 An advance into the territories of the Apalachee resulted in the destruction of several missions, and the capture of more than a thousand Indians, some free, some slave.3 Nearly all the Apalachee were distributed as slaves among the Carolina settlers.4 The enslavement of Indians, indeed, was carried on wholesale. A letter to the proprietors, July 10, 1708, states that “the garrison of St. Augustine is by this war reduced to the bare walls, their cattle and Indian towns all consumed, either by us in our invasion of that place, or by our Indian subjects . . . they have driven the Floridians to the islands of the cape, have brought in and sold many hundred of them, and maybe now continue that trade, so that in some five years, they’ll reduce the barbarians to a fearless number.”5 In 1708, Colonel Barnwell of South Carolina made an expedition to the Appalachian province of Florida. It is thought that this was the time when Captain Nairn of South Carolina, with a party of Yamasee Indians, advanced to the vicinity of Lake Okechobee and brought back a number of captive Indians as slaves.6 A similar expedition of Colonel Palmer in 1727 against the Yamasee resulted in the destruction of many Indian towns, the slaughter of many natives, and the carrying off of great numbers to Charleston as slaves.1</span><br />
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<br />
<span style="color: #330000;"> As the result of the three expeditions sent by South Carolina from 1702 to 1708 against the Yamasee, Apalachee, and Timucua of northern Florida, there was carried back to Charleston, for sale as slaves, almost the entire population of seven towns, in all, some 1400 persons.2 The captives taken in 1715 when the Yamasee and Creek Indians made a foray upon the South Carolina frontier, were sold as slaves. Mr. Johnston, a South Carolina missionary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, in his letter to the Society, December 19, 1715, states: “It is certain many of the Yammousees and Creek Indians were against the war all along. But our military men were so bent upon revenge, and so desirous to enrich themselves by making all the Indians slaves that fall into yr hands . . . . that it is in vain to represent the cruelty and injustice of such a procedure”.3</span><br />
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<br />
<span style="color: #330000;"> Throughout the Tuscarora War in North Carolina, Indian captives were retained or sold as slaves.4 At the beginning of military operations, following the Indian massacre of 1711, the friendly Indians agreed to help the English against their enemy upon promise of a reward of six blankets for each man killed by them, and the usual price of slaves for each woman and child delivered as captives.1 During the course of the war several hundred Indian allies were used by the English,2 and these allies took advantage of the opportunity to obtain large number of Indian captives to sell to the slave traders of the time.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #330000;"> In an attack on an Indian fort in 1711, thirty-nine women and children were captured and disposed of in the settlements as slaves.3 The two chief expeditions during the war were those of Colonel Barnwell, who was sent by South Carolina in January, 1712, and of Colonel Moore in January and February, 1713. Colonel Barnwell’s expedition took two hundred Indian women and children prisoners.4 The expedition of Colonel Moore virtually ended the war by capturing the fort in which the Tuscarora had taken refuge.5 Nine hundred men, women and children were killed or taken prisoners.6 In both expeditions the allied Indians secured as many as possible of the captured Indians whom they took along with them to sell as slaves in Charleston,7 and they still further increased their supply of slaves by attacking the peaceful Indians along the route of their return to South Carolina.8 During the course of the war more than seven hundred Indians were sold into slavery.</span><br />
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Historical Melungeonshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17731609082692626343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7155234744851018796.post-1486879962545826382015-10-02T00:10:00.001-05:002015-10-02T00:10:43.974-05:00Native Americans Targeted for Turkish Alliance<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">The Armenian Reporter March 15, 2008</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><strong style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Turks are saying they were the first Americans</strong><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Real Native Americans say they speak with forked tongue</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><em style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">by Anoush Ter Taulian</em><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">''Last month, I reported about a January 26 panel discussion on</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Turkic and Native American connections, held at the Turkish Center in</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">New York (see the story in the Community section of the Feb. 9</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Reporter) in which the Turks presented their theory that their</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">ancestors crossed the Bering Strait into the Americas and thus are</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">the ancestors of some of the present day Native Americans. Since</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">then, I've been asking Native Americans and what they think of this</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">theory and I've found they do not welcome these Turkish</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">claims...............................</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">............However, the presenters also put forward a claim of</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Turkish-Native American relatedness from a much more recent time. It</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">involves a group of Turks who claim to be related to</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">the "Melungeons": a population of mixed Indian, white, and black</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">ancestry, whose members say they are the descendants of the 200</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Moors, West Africans, Portuguese soldiers, South American Indians,</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">and Ottoman Turkish galley slaves that Sir Francis Drake brought to</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Roanoke Island, Virginia, in 1586.* There is no record of the number</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">and origin of the rescued prisoners who made up the diverse</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">ancestors of today's Melungeons (the group designated "Ottoman</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">slaves" could have included Bulgarians, Circassians, Abkhazians,</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Arabs, Berbers, Greeks – evenArmenians). Nevertheless, there are now</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Melungeon societies in the Appalachians; and the town of Wise,</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Virginia, and Cesme in Turkey have become "sister cities" and plan to</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">engage in economic trade – all on the basis of this claim of a</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Turkish-Melungeon connection. But according to Anton Edwards, a mixed</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Native and African American, "The claims of these Turks are</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">preposterous." Edwards familiarized himself with some of the</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">materials used by the Turkish-Melungeon advocates, but came away</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">unconvinced..........</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">Continued here</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><a href="http://www.reporter.am/pdfs/A0315.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #6db0ce; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.reporter.am/pdfs/A0315.pdf</a><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #4e4e4e; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">* This assertion has no basis in fact. It has not been proven that Sir Francis Drake left any people in North America or if he did, that any survived. And the leap to identifying them as ancestors of the Melungeons is a very long leap, indeed. Additionally, it is a matter of historical record that Drake returned the Turks to their homeland. See David Beers Quinn.</span><br />
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