Monday, December 24, 2012




Merry Christmas to All and to All a Good Night!!!!


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Tuesday, November 20, 2012




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Wednesday, October 31, 2012

Melungeon DNA Paper Honored by the North Carolina Society of Historians




The Melungeon DNA paper, “Melungeons: A Multi-Ethnic People,” was honored on October 20th by the North Carolina Society of Historians at an awards ceremony in Mooresville, NC.
The North Carolina Society of Historians is a nonprofit organization founded in 1941 whose goal is to preserve and share the history of North Carolina.  One of the ways they do this is by encouraging the preservation of history and research into historical topics by conferring awards annually on worthy projects and their authors.  Awards are granted to organizations and individuals in 14 different categories and the awards are presented at the annual meeting, which is a luncheon, in October.
This year’s banquet was held on Saturday, October 20th in Mooresville, NC.

The Melungeon DNA paper titled “Melungeons: A Multi-Ethnic Population” was granted the prestigious Paul Green Multimedia Award.  Jack Goins, the founder of the Melungeon DNA projects and one of the authors of the paper accepted the award in Mooresville on behalf of all four authors.


In addition to Jack, the authors are Janet Crain, Roberta Estes and Penny Ferguson.  Each author received an individual award recognizing their contribution.

Jack said that Elizabeth Sherrill, the Society President, had many complimentary things to say about the paper, and that she showed an impressive pile of papers and projects that represented the other entries that were rejected.  Apparently, the competition was stiff.  I know they have hundreds of entries every year.
Each project or paper that receives an award also receives the judges collective comments.  Here’s what they had to say about “Melungeons: A Multi-Ethnic Population”:
“This paper is definitely not for the “faint of heart,’ nor can it be considered ‘light reading.’  It is an in-depth study of the Melungeons in the Carolinas and surrounding states that is geared toward those persons with a serious interest in tracing these people by taking a DNA approach. It is an academic paper that is the result of a monumental study that took in many different avenues of research. We found this work to be absolutely brilliant and data pertaining to North Carolina was exciting.  We understand that this study is still a work-in-progress, and we look forward, with great anticipation, to future papers chronicling additional information discovered/uncovered regarding this fascinating race of people.”
The authors would like to collectively thank the North Carolina Society of Historians, not only for the award, but for their dedication to the preservation of history and fostering an environment that rewards people for doing so.

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 Note by Janet Crain: I want to thank Jack Goins for accepting my award for me and for carefully packing the certificate and sending it to me.

I now have it framed and while I am deciding where to hang it, it it sitting on a shelf in my office.

 Thank you to the North Carolina Society of Historians  is also in order.








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Monday, September 17, 2012

Native and African American Houses – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign



This week I was honored to speak at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  These speaking engagements were different than anything I’ve ever participated in.  I’ve done quite a bit of university speaking, but generally conferences.  These events were different because the students themselves from these two Houses invited me and funded my visit.  To say I felt a great obligation to find a way to connect to them is an understatement.    
Normally my audience consists of genealogists, and sometimes civic groups, but generally not young people ranging in age from 18 to 22 or so, plus grad students.  These folks were born in the 1990s for the most part and ancient history to them is anything before cell phones.  They were only about 10 years old when social networking in the form of My Space was launched, so they’ve never know a world without the internet, electronic gadgetry and social networking.  I was extremely glad I had my two blogs to offer them.
I thought about how they might perceive DNA and genealogy, and I changed the presentation entirely, approaching it from a different perspective – that of personal genetics.  While this new field started in 1999 as a genealogical endeavor (thank you Bennett Greenspan), it has moved far from its original genesis.  Today we have a toolbox full of tools that can answer different questions for us, in various ways.  For these bright young people full of potential, personal genetics will be with them their entire lives and it won’t be a frontier like it is for us, but a way of life.  My presentation was entitled “The Gift of You” and it discussed genealogy of course, but deep ancestry, health, ethnicity and “cousinship” using fun examples.  I also passed out candy when I got answers, which helped a lot:)  Food, the most common denominator.
While all 4 sessions were sponsored by both the African American and Native American Houses, 2 sessions were held at the Bruce B. Nesbitt African American Cultural Center, 1 at the Native American House and the final presentation in a larger auditorium venue.  All sessions were open to all students and the public as well, and indeed were attended by a wide variety of people with very interesting and diverse backgrounds. 
I was particularly impressed with the regular luncheon, with speakers, held by the African American House, entitled “Food for the Soul.”  I wish I lived close enough to attend as many of the topics are very interesting.  This event was very well attended. 
After each of the 4 sessions, several people stayed and discussed various aspects of genetic testing, genealogy and career paths.
I can’t even begin to express how hopeful this trip made me.  These young people who attended these sessions are bright and forward thinkers.  They are involved in supportive and nurturing programs through the two Houses as well as the academic curriculum at the University of Illinois.  They are encouraged to reach beyond the known horizons.  And yes, some of them are interested in genealogy too.  I’m hopeful that there will be someone to pass that torch to someday!
I want to share with you a conversation I had with one young man who stayed after the session at the Native American House.  He is mixed Caucasian, Peruvian, Chinese and Jewish, born in California, an extremely culturally diverse place.  He is a graduate student in the Communications/Medical program meaning at the end of 8 long years, he comes out the other end with an MD degree and a PhD.  And he is bright, very, very bright, compassionate and pleasant.  I don’t know where he’s going to practice, but I want him to be my doctor!
He shared with me part of his story.  Between his undergrad and graduate school, he embarked on a journey of discovery.  He tracked his grandmother’s life backwards. He began at her grave in Israel, journeyed through China where they sought refuge from the holocaust, and where his grandmother’s mother died of a “female disease.”  From there he went back to Germany where the family had escaped the holocaust.  During this time he discovered that his mother and he both carry the BRCA1 gene which produces a hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome.  Another family member indeed has this disease today.  His profound interest in his family history and this mutation led to a discussion about epigenetics and the ENCODE project which revealed that what was once considered to be junk DNA isn’t junk afterall.  And then, the question:
“What if we could use epigenetics to turn OFF the BRCA1 gene?” 
I told him, I’m way beyond my level of expertise, but the fact that this extremely talented young man is pondering this question, and has a very personal impetus to answer it is one of the most promising and hopeful events I’ve witnessed in a very long time.  This truly is the gift of our ancestors, in so many unseen and unspoken ways.
The art at the beginning of this article, titled “Elevator”, by Sol Aquino, 2003 (acrylic on canvas) featured on the SACNAS brochure I picked up at the Native American House portrays this connection is a most profound way. 
During these two days, I got to spend time with Rory James, the Director of the Bruce B. Nesbitt Center, and with Jamie Singson, the Director of the Native American House, and the staff and volunteer students at both facilities.  I was extremely impressed with the knowledge of both of these gentlemen and their heartfelt concern for the students, their education and their futures.  I know that these men and their staff will shepherd these students and provide them with ongoing opportunities to learn about their history and how it connects with their futures as they complete their more structured academic studies.  I wish facilities like this had been in place when I was a student.
The attendees were extremely diverse, in terms of racial and cultural makeup, in terms of student versus community members, age, and in terms of their interests relative to personal genetics.  Their stories were both amazing and inspirational.
I think that Jamie Singson summed it up perfectly at the end of the final session as we walked through the cool evening air back to the Native American House from the auditorium.  People had stayed for an additional couple of hours after the presentation and a small group of about 5 of us had a very enlightening and lovely discussion.  Jamie said, “What I take away from this is how much everyone wants to belong and to find the place where they fit in.”

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Sunday, September 16, 2012

Plans to Close Georgia Archives- Please sign Petition to Keep Them Open


The Secretary of State for Georgia has decided to close the Georgia archives. Someone also posted that the Georgia Virtual Vault is down and has been down for sometime. This will severely limit research in Georgia.

Please sign this petition to keep the archives open to the public.

Petition link:

http://www.change.org/petitions/the-governor-of-ga-leave-our-state-archives-open-to-the-public





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Thursday, September 13, 2012

Generous Genealogist New Website

 This looks to be a wonderful new website. Go here and volunteer or place a query for a look up. This is from the owner:
 
Hi everyone.
 
Quickly by way of an update.
 
The http://generousgenealogists.com site is about 95% functional. A
couple of open items remain, but we are now open for business.  If you
mentioned earlier an interest in being a volunteer on the site, that
database now works.
 
 
What I can use from you is help getting the word out to others about
the site.  In order for this to develop and grow we need as many
readers & volunteers as we can get.  Any help in publicizing things is
most appreciated.
 
btw. We are still working on establishing a hosting relationship with
the TrailToThePast folks.
 
The last (also first Newsletter is at:


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Tuesday, August 28, 2012

Zephaniah Goins Fought in Yorktown Campaign

GOWEN RESEARCH FOUNDATION NEWSLETTER
Volume 5, No. 3    November 1993

Zephaniah Goins Fought in Yorktown Campaign
By Jack Harold Goins
Editorial Board Member
Route 2, Box 275, Rogersville, TN, 37857
Zephaniah Goins, son of John Going and Elizabeth Going, and my seventh-generation grandfather, was born about 1758 in Halifax County, Virginia.  He enlisted in the Virginia troops during the American Revolution and was present at the Battle of Yorktown when Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781.
Zephaniah Goins, a Melungeon, was married to Elizabeth Thompson June 20, 1790 by Rev. Joseph Anthony of Henry County, Virginia.  She was the daughter of William Thompson and Mary Estes Thompson.
"Zephaniah Going" was a resident of Rockingham County, North Carolina in 1795, according to the research of Pamela R. Lawson Jenkins, family researcher of Franklin, Tennessee.  He appeared as the head of a household in the 1810 census of the county.  Soon afterward he removed to Tennessee, according to the research of Wanda Aldridge of Dyer, Arkansas.
Learning that Zephaniah Goins and Elizabeth Thompson Goins had joined Blackwater Primitive Baptist Church by dis-mission letter from another church which was unnamed, I began trying to locate this church.  In the Blackwater minutes, 1816 to 1834, I found four seventh-generation grandfathers who served in the Revolutionary War: Thomas Bledsoe, Henry Fisher, John England and Zephaniah Goins.
While searching in the public library in Kingsport, Tennessee, I found the minutes of neighboring Stoney Creek Primitive Baptist Church at Ft. Blackmore, Virginia, just across the state line.  They contained some very interesting Melungeon references in the minutes recorded in 1813.  The term "Melungeon" was probably in common usage long before then, but this is the first time I have found it recorded.
Ft. Blackmore was built at Stoney Creek, in Washington County, Virginia before the Revolutionary War by Capt. John Blackmore to protect the settlers from Indian attacks.  Ft. Blackmore was located about eight miles southwest of present day Dungannon, Virginia in Scott County.  In 1780 Capt. Blackmore's militiamen participated in the victory over the Cherokees in the Battle of Boyd's Creek.
While driving through this small town trying to form a picture of what this place looked like 200 years ago, I stopped at a church called Pine Grove Primitive Baptist Church.  Residents told me that this site was where old Stoney Creek Primitive Baptist Church had been located.  I learned that the old building had been washed away in a flood.  I was told the old fort was about where Stoney Creek flows into the Clinch River and tried to visualize this place where my fore-bears were stationed during the Revolutionary War.
Grandfather Thomas Bledsoe was in Capt. Blackmore's command.  He  filed his Revolutionary War pension application in Hawkins County April 24, 1834.  He was born in March 1760 in North Carolina and moved with his parents to the new territory, about seven miles from Long Islands of the Holston River, on Reedy Creek.  It is now the site of present day Kingsport, Ten-nessee.  After the Battle of Kings Mountain, peace returned to the Clinch River valley briefly.
Reference has been made in the Foundation Newsletter earlier to a letter written by Capt. John  Sevier in which he describes the physical appearance of the Melungeons upon first encountering them.  He patrolled in the Trans-Appalachian area of Virginia and Tennessee during Lord Dunmore's War in 1774.
John Murray Lord Dunmore, the Earl of Dunmore, was appointed governor of Virginia in 1771, and an Indian war erupted during the third year of his tenure which was thereafter called Lord Dunmore's War.
A band of white marauders led by a des-perado named Greathouse attacked an Indian village and killed several of the tribesmen.  An Indian chieftain, John Logan, known to the tribe as Tahgahjute, took to the warpath to avenge the death of his sister and other kinsmen in the raid.  John Logan, son of Shikellamy, was born in 1725.  Shikellamy was a white man who had been cap-tured by the Cuyugas while a child.  He grew up in the tribe, married an Indian woman and became a chief.
Believing that the troops of Capt. Michael Cresap were respon-sible for the raid and the murders, John Logan sent him a decla-ration of hostilities.  This was the begining of Lord Dunmore's War which saw the frontier become a blazing battleground.  Gov. Dunmore did his utmost to restore peace and was able to bring the Shawnee Chief Cornstalk to a parley after the Battle of Point Pleasant, but Logan shunned the peace talks and continued the fighting which was a prelude to the Revolutionary War.
When the Revolution began, Logan served the British cause and wreaked havoc on the frontier settlements.  In addition to Cuyu-gas, the Mingoes, Cherokees, Shawnees, Chickasaws, Creeks and Chickamaugas went on the warpath from time to time, all supplied and encouraged by the British.  During the Revolution, Logan led a charmed life and did not receive a scratch, but was killed in 1780 near Lake Erie by a nephew that he had attacked.
Lord Dunmore fared little better.  In April 1775 Patrick Henry at the head of the Hanover Minute Men forced Dunmore to flee his office and take refuge on a British war vessel lying off York-town.  In retaliation, Dunmore ordered Norfolk, the largest town in Virginia at that time, to be burned.  This outrage united the Virginians in their resolve, and the British quickly order Dunsmore out of the colony in 1776.
Lord Dunmore's War was not the last time that John Sevier was associated with the Melungeons.  He was born in New Market, Virginia in Rockingham County in 1745.  In 1776, he was one of the first to settle on the Watauga River west of the Appalachi-ans when Tennessee was opened for settlement.  Melungeons on the Watauga were then his neighbors.
Col. Sevier was one of the commanders in the Battle of Kings Mountain in 1780, and Melungeon militiamen were included in his command.  Later in that year, Col. Sevier led an expedition against the Cherokee Indians.  Included in his command was the militia company of Capt. Blackmore and its Melungeons.
He helped to organize the Free State of Franklin [which em-braced the Melungeons] and became its governor in 1784.  Feeling that he was leading an insurrection, the officials of North Carolina arrested Sevier and convicted him of high trea-son.  Later he was pardoned.  Ten years later he was elected the first governor of Tennessee.
The Stoney Creek minutes are complete from 1801 to 1811.  Then from 1811 to 1814 there are intermittent skips.  The first minutes dated November 14, 1801 reveal that it was an existing church and adding new members rapidly.  Meetings were held on the second Saturday of each month.
The minutes reveal that the congregation was composed of whites, Melungeons, free Negroes and slaves.  During the next four years, 88 new members were added; 33 of these were persons bearing familiar Melungeon names: Gibson, Collins, More [Moore], Bolin, Bolling, Sexton, Osborne, Manis, Maner.
The congregation made an effort to overcome the prejudice against dark-skinned people prevalent in that period, but reading between the lines, it was apparent that the whites were greatly relieved when the Melungeons began an exodus to Tennessee.  According to the minutes, by 1807 most Melungeon families were gone; eight had received letters of dismission, and five others had been excommunicated for various unrepented sins.
The word "Melungins" was recorded in the minutes of the church dated September 26, 1813 and is the oldest written reference to them that I have found:
"September 26, 1813.  Church sat in love.  Bro. Kilgore, Moderator.  Then came forward Sis. Kitchen and com-plained to the Church against Susanna Stallard for saying she harbored them Melungins.  Sis. Sook said she was hurt with her for believing her child and not believing her, and she won't talk to her to get satisfaction, and both is pigedish [pig-headedish] one against the other.  Sis. Sook lays it down and the church forgives her."
Sister Susanna Kitchen was provoked with Susanna "Sookie" Stallard for reporting that the Melungeons were visiting in her home.  Sister Susan "Sook" Kitchens joined the church Septem-ber 26, 1812.  Her child told Susanna Stallard the Melungeons had been staying there.  The church forgave her upon her repentance, but the furor appeared to continue at the next meeting.  Stoney Creek was happy to see the Melungeons remove to Tennessee, and some were chagrinned to have them return on visits to Virginia.  Some did not request dismissions, but simply re-turned to Stoney Creek to worship upon occasions.
The closest ones lived near Kyle's Ford, Tennessee 40 miles downstream on the Clinch.  With their primitive roads it would be impossible for them to attend services at Stoney Creek and return in one day.  Someone had to be "harboring" them for perhaps for more than one night at a time.  Some members of Stoney Creek sought a resolution to keep the Melungeons attending church in Tennessee:
"October 23, 1813.  Church sat and found in love.  Bro. Cox puts a question to the Church: 'Whether it is in order to live in the bounds of one church and to belong to an-other church.'  The assembly determined 'it not good to bind any member in such cases.'"
Several blacks were members at Stoney Creek, Rhoda [Cox's black], William George and his two blacks; Luke Stallard's black."  "Feb. 26, 1809, 'Can blacks testify against whites?'  The church voted 'yes.'
Concerning the use of the word Melungeon in these minutes, it is obvious it was a common word well known to this commu-nity.  From the minutes, the following were the first people to join Stoney Creek Primitive Baptist Church bearing Melungeon related names:
"December 1801 "Nancy Gibson, received by letter. Valentine Collins received by experience and baptised.  May the 22nd day 1802: Church meeting held at Stoney Creek.  Received by experance Nancy Brikey, Riley Collins, Mary Large. Rachel Gib-son, Thomas Gibson, Beter Gibson, George Gibson, John Stuart and baptised."
Three members of Stoney Creek are on the 1755 tax list of Orange County, North Carolina.  Listed were "mulattoes" Thomas Gibson, George Gibson and Charles Gibson.
Four members of Stoney Creek reappeared on the 1810 tax list of Hawkins County, Tennessee: Thomas Gibson, George Gib-son, Charles Gibson and Valentine Collins.
Using the minutes of Stoney Creek, you can note when Valentine Collins and Charles Gibson left for Hawkins County.
"April the 21 day 1803, Bro. Valentine Collins and wife to receive a letter of dismission, also Bro. Charles Gibson and wife."
Blackwater Primitive Baptist Church was located at Kyles Ford, Tennessee in Hawkins County [present day Hancock County] on the bank of the Clinch River.  Organized in 1801, it was the first church established in this section.  The earliest minutes found begin in 1816.  We know by the minutes of Stoney Creek who some of its members were.
"February the 26th day 1802. Thomas Gibson Excom-municated.  Sis. Vina Gibson obtained a letter of dismis-sion by letter of recommendation from Blackwater Church.  Sis. Mary Gibson obtained a letter of dismis-sion. Clary More received by experiance and baptised. Dismissed in order."
Thomas Gibson, listed as one of the Kings Mountain militiamen, and George Gibson are distant grandparents in the family re-search of Ruth Johnson, a member of Gowen Research Foundation who lives in Kingsport.  She is completing a book about her life on Newman's Ridge.
Charles Gibson, born in Virginia, moved to North Carolina and later joined Stoney Creek Primitive Baptist Church June 26, 1802, then removed to Blackwater Primitive Baptist Church.
"Charles Gibson and wife, Rubin Gibson and wife, and Valentine Collins and wife" received dismission to go down to Blackwater Church.  The earliest minutes found there begin in 1816, but none of these people are found in them, probably be-cause Greasy Rock Primitive Baptist Church had been subsequently established at Sneedville, Tennessee.
Other churches mentioned in the minutes of Stoney Creek include Glade Hollow Primitive Baptist Church, Deep Springs Primitive Baptist Church at 3 forks of the Powell River mentioned Aug. 1806 probably near Jonesville, Virginia and Moc-casin Primitive Baptist Church.
When the minutes of these sister congregations are found, they may contain additional information about the Melungeons.
"Zephaniah Goans, free person of color" was recorded as the head of a "free colored" household in the 1830 census of Roane County, Tennessee, page 47.
In 1834, "Zephaniah Going" filed his Revolutionary pension application at Rogersville, county seat for Hawkins County which then Hancock which was the area where Zephaniah lived on December 18, 1834.
Without any embellishment, my Melungeon grandfather simply declared, "I was at the siege and present at the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown."
Fourteen children, 10 daughters and four sons, were born to Zephaniah Goins and Elizabeth Thompson Goins.  Children born to them include:
 John Goins        born in 1792
 Isaiah Goins        born in 1795
 Susan Goins        born in 1800
 William Goins       born in 1805


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Monday, August 27, 2012

Morris S. Miner Obituary

 Morris S. Miner July 22, 2012

Fuquay-Varina - Morris S. Miner went home to be with his Lord Jesus on Sunday, July 22, 2012. Memorial service will be held on Wednesday, July 25, 2012 at 2:00 p.m. at Thomas Funeral Home Chapel. Visitation will be from 1:00 - 2:00 pm, one hour prior to the service. Interment will follow at Wake Chapel Memorial Gardens. 

He was born in Blackwater, Virginia on July 21, 1933 and grew up in Elizabethton, Tennessee. Upon graduation from Unaka High School in 1951, he joined the United States Navy. He served five years on active duty as a hospital corpsman during the Korean War, and an additional three years on inactive duty. Upon leaving the military Morris entered college in 1957 at Samford University graduating in 1960 with a BS in Chemistry. He continued his studies in graduate school at the University of Alabama. From 1960 to 1962, he worked for Warner Chilcott Pharmaceutical Company as a salesman covering the states of Louisiana and Mississippi. From 1963 to 1967, Miner owned and operated construction, real estate, and insurance companies in Eastern Tennessee and Western North Carolina.

Cont. here:

http://www.thomasfuneral.com/obituaries.php?page=0&op=view&id=592

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Tuesday, August 14, 2012

"'Of Portuguese Origin': Litigating Identity and Citizenship among the "Little Races" in Nineteenth-Century America,"

Ariela Gross
ABSTRACT

The history of race in the nineteenth-century United States is often told as a story of black and white in the South, and white and Indian in the West, with little attention to the intersection between black and Indian. This article explores the history of nineteenth-century America's "little races"—racially ambiguous communities of African, Indian, and European origin up and down the eastern seaboard. These communities came under increasing pressure in the years leading up to the Civil War and in its aftermath to fall on one side or the other of a black-white color line. Drawing on trial records of cases litigating the racial identity of the Melungeons of Tennessee, the Croatans/Lumbee of North Carolina, and the Narragansett of Rhode Island, this article looks at the differing paths these three groups took in the face of Jim Crow: the Melungeons claiming whiteness; the Croatans/Lumbee asserting Indian identity and rejecting association with blacks; the Narragansett asserting Indian identity without rejecting their African origins. Members of these communities found that they could achieve full citizenship in the U.S. polity only to the extent that they abandoned their self-governance and distanced themselves from people of African descent.

Ariela Gross, "'Of Portuguese Origin': Litigating Identity and Citizenship among the "Little Races" in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review Fall 2007 

http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/25.3/gross.html (16 Mar. 2008)
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